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Ho Chi Minh

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ho Chi Minh (disambiguation)">Ho Chi Minh (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Hồ Chí Minh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1946</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam">President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 2 September 1945 – 2 September 1969<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ph%E1%BA%A1m_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Phạm Văn Đồng">Phạm Văn Đồng</a> (from 1955)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Vice President</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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<ul><li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BA%A3i_Th%E1%BA%A7n" title="Nguyễn Hải Thần">Nguyễn Hải Thần</a> (1945–1946)</li>

<li>Vacant (1946–1960)</li>

<li>Tôn Đức Thắng (1960–1969)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> (as <a href="List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Emperor</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Bảo Đại (as <a href="List_of_leaders_of_South_Vietnam#Chief_of_State" title="List of leaders of South Vietnam">Chief of State of the State of Vietnam</a>)<hr><a href="T%C3%B4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BA%AFng" title="Tôn Đức Thắng">Tôn Đức Thắng</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Chairman of the Workers' Party of Vietnam</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 19 February 1951 – 2 September 1969</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam">General Secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Chinh" title="Trường Chinh">Trường Chinh</a></li>

<li>Himself</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position abolished</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam">General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Vietnam</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 5 October 1956 – 10 September 1960</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Chairman</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Trường Chinh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Lê Duẩn (as First Secretary)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="List_of_prime_ministers_of_Vietnam#Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam_(1945–76)" title="List of prime ministers of Vietnam">Head of Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[d]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><a href="De_facto" title="De facto">De facto</a> 2 September 1945 – 20 September 1955</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Kim" title="Trần Trọng Kim">Trần Trọng Kim</a> (as <a href="List_of_prime_ministers_of_Vietnam#Empire_of_Vietnam_(1945)" title="List of prime ministers of Vietnam">Chief of Cabinet of the Empire of Vietnam</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ph%E1%BA%A1m_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Phạm Văn Đồng">Phạm Văn Đồng</a> (as Prime Minister of the DRV)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Vietnam)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Vietnam)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 28 August 1945 – 2 March 1946</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Văn Chương">Trần Văn Chương</a> (Empire of Vietnam)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Tam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Tường Tam">Nguyễn Tường Tam</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 3 November 1946 – March 1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Nguyễn Tường Tam</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Hoàng Minh Giám</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Full Member of the <a href="2nd_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam">2nd</a> and <a href="3rd_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam">3rd</a> <a href="Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Politburo</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 31 March 1935 – 2 September 1969</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Nguyễn Sinh Cung</div> (1890-05-19)19 May 1890 <a href="Kim_Li%C3%AAn%2C_Ngh%E1%BB%87_An" title="Kim Liên, Nghệ An">Kim Liên</a>, <a href="Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 September 1969(1969-09-02) (aged 79) <a href="Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, North Vietnam</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_Mausoleum" title="Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum">Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Workers' Party of Vietnam</a> (from 1951)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="French_Section_of_the_Workers'_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">French Section of the Workers' International</a> (1919–1921)</li>

<li><a href="French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> (1921–1925)</li>

<li><a href="Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a> (1930–1945)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1298804929">

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<div class="marriage-display-inline"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="Zeng_Xueming" title="Zeng Xueming">Tăng Tuyết Minh</a></div>

<div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1926; <abbr title="separated">sep.</abbr> 1931)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;">

<ul><li><a href="B%E1%BA%A1ch_Li%C3%AAn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bạch Liên">Bạch Liên</a> (or Nguyễn Thị Thanh; sister)</li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Sinh_Khi%C3%AAm" title="Nguyễn Sinh Khiêm">Nguyễn Sinh Khiêm</a> (or Nguyễn Tất Đạt; brother)</li>

<li>Nguyễn Sinh Xin (brother)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Sinh_S%E1%BA%AFc" title="Nguyễn Sinh Sắc">Nguyễn Sinh Sắc</a> (father)</li><li><a href="Ho%C3%A0ng_Th%E1%BB%8B_Loan" title="Hoàng Thị Loan">Hoàng Thị Loan</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Communist_University_of_the_Toilers_of_the_East" title="Communist University of the Toilers of the East">Communist University of the Toilers of the East</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>revolutionary</li><li>pastry chef</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1290876196">

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Hồ Chí Minh<a href="#cite_note-6">[e]</a> (born Nguyễn Sinh Cung;<a href="#cite_note-7">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-HL1-9">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC2005-10">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-HL2-11">[4]</a> 19 May 1890 – 2 September 1969),<a href="#cite_note-14">[h]</a> colloquially known as Uncle Ho (Bác Hồ)<a href="#cite_note-15">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marsh07062012-16">[7]</a> among other aliases<a href="#cite_note-17">[j]</a> and sobriquets,<a href="#cite_note-20">[k]</a> was a Vietnamese revolutionary and politician who served as the founder and first <a href="President_of_Vietnam" title="President of Vietnam">president</a> of the <a href="Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> from 1945 until his death in 1969, and as its first <a href="Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam" title="Prime Minister of Vietnam">prime minister</a> from 1945 to 1955. Ideologically a <a href="Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a>, he founded the <a href="Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a> in 1930 and its successor Workers' Party of Vietnam (later the <a href="Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a>) in 1951, serving as the party's chairman until his death.

Hồ was born in <a href="Ngh%E1%BB%87_An_province" title="Nghệ An province">Nghệ An province</a> in <a href="French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>, and received a French education. Starting in 1911, he worked in various countries overseas, and in 1920 was a founding member of the <a href="French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> in Paris. After studying in <a href="Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Hồ founded the <a href="Vietnamese_Revolutionary_Youth_League" title="Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League">Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League</a> in 1925, which he transformed into the Indochinese Communist Party in 1930. On his return to Vietnam in 1941, he founded and led the <a href="Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Việt Minh</a> independence movement against the Japanese, and in 1945 led the <a href="August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a> against the monarchy and <a href="Declaration_of_independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam">proclaimed</a> the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. After the French returned to power, Hồ's government retreated to the countryside and initiated <a href="Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> from 1946.

Between 1953 and 1956, Hồ's leadership saw the implementation of a <a href="Land_reform_in_Vietnam" title="Land reform in Vietnam">land reform campaign</a>, which included executions and political purges.<a href="#cite_note-Gittinger1959-21">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[11]</a> The Việt Minh defeated the French in 1954 at the <a href="Battle_of_%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_Bi%C3%AAn_Ph%E1%BB%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Điện Biên Phủ">Battle of Điện Biên Phủ</a>, ending the <a href="First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>. At the <a href="1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a>, Vietnam was divided into two de facto separate states, with the Việt Minh in control of North Vietnam, and anti-communists backed by the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in control of <a href="South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>. Hồ remained president and party leader during the <a href="Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, which began in 1955. He supported the <a href="Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> insurgency in the south, overseeing the transport of troops and supplies on the <a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Ho Chi Minh trail</a> until his death in 1969. North Vietnam won in 1975, and the country was re-unified in 1976 as the <a href="Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a>. Saigon – Gia Định, South Vietnam's former capital, was renamed <a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a> in his honor.

The details of Hồ's life before he came to power in Vietnam are uncertain. He is known to have used between 50<a href="#cite_note-Duiker-23">[12]</a>: 582 and 200 pseudonyms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanson195785-24">[13]</a> Information on his birth and early life is ambiguous and subject to academic debate. At least four existing official biographies vary on names, dates, places, and other hard facts while unofficial biographies vary even more widely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike1976-25">[14]</a> Aside from being a politician, Hồ was a writer, poet, and journalist. He wrote several books, articles, and poems in Chinese, Vietnamese, and French.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div>

Hồ Chí Minh was born as Nguyễn Sinh Cung, also known as Nguyễn Sinh Côn,<a href="#cite_note-26">[15]</a> and pronounced locally as Nguyễn Sinh Côông,<a href="#cite_note-27">[16]</a> in 1890 in the village of Hoàng Trù in <a href="Kim_Li%C3%AAn%2C_Ngh%E1%BB%87_An" title="Kim Liên, Nghệ An">Kim Liên</a> commune, Nam Đàn district, <a href="Ngh%E1%BB%87_An_province" title="Nghệ An province">Nghệ An province</a>, in northern <a href="Central_Vietnam" title="Central Vietnam">Central Vietnam</a> which was then a <a href="Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">French protectorate</a>. Although 1890 is generally accepted as his birth year, at various times he used four other birth years:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrần_Dân_Tiên199442-28">[17]</a> 1891,<a href="#cite_note-29">[18]</a> 1892,<a href="#cite_note-30">[l]</a> 1894<a href="#cite_note-31">[m]</a> and 1895.<a href="#cite_note-32">[19]</a> He lived in his father <a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Sinh_S%E1%BA%AFc" title="Nguyễn Sinh Sắc">Nguyễn Sinh Sắc</a>'s village of Làng Sen in Kim Liên until 1895 when his father sent him to <a href="Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a> for study. He had three siblings: his sister Bạch Liên (Nguyễn Thị Thanh), a clerk in the <a href="French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a>; his brother <a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Sinh_Khi%C3%AAm" title="Nguyễn Sinh Khiêm">Nguyễn Sinh Khiêm</a> (Nguyễn Tất Đạt), a <a href="Geomancy" title="Geomancy">geomancer</a> and <a href="Traditional_Chinese_herbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese herbs">traditional herbalist</a>; and another brother (Nguyễn Sinh Nhuận), who died in infancy. As a young child, Cung (Hồ) studied with his father before more formal classes with a scholar named Vương Thúc Quý. He quickly mastered <a href="Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a>, a prerequisite for any serious study of <a href="Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> while honing his colloquial Vietnamese writing.<a href="#cite_note-Duiker-23">[12]</a>: 21 In addition to his studies, he was fond of adventure and loved to fly <a href="Kite" title="Kite">kites</a> and go fishing.<a href="#cite_note-Duiker-23">[12]</a>: 21 Following Confucian tradition, his father gave him a new name when he turned ten: Nguyễn Tất Thành.

His father, Sắc, was a Confucian scholar and teacher, and later, in 1909, an imperial magistrate in the remote district of Bình Khê in <a href="B%C3%ACnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_province" title="Bình Định province">Bình Định province</a>. He was demoted for abuse of power after an influential local figure died several days after having received 102 strokes of the <a href="Caning" title="Caning">cane</a> as punishment for an infraction.<a href="#cite_note-Duiker-23">[12]</a>: 21 Sắc was both a patriot and a collaborator with the French colonial state, supporting the claimedly '<a href="Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">civilizing mission</a>' of the French.<a href="#cite_note-33">[20]</a> Thành received a French education, attending <a href="Qu%E1%BB%91c_H%E1%BB%8Dc_%E2%80%93_Hu%E1%BA%BF_High_School_for_the_Gifted" title="Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted">Collège Quốc học</a> (<a href="Lyc%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycée">lycée</a> or secondary education) in Huế in Central Vietnam. His disciples, <a href="Ph%E1%BA%A1m_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Phạm Văn Đồng">Phạm Văn Đồng</a> and <a href="V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a>, also attended the school, as did <a href="Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a>, the future President of South Vietnam and political rival.<a href="#cite_note-34">[21]</a>

His early life is uncertain but there are some documents indicating activities regarding an early revolutionary spirit during French-occupied Vietnam, but conflicting sources remain. Previously, it was believed that Thành (Hồ) was involved in an anti-slavery (anti-<a href="Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a>) demonstration of poor peasants in Huế in May 1908, which endangered his student status at Collège Quốc học. However, a document from the <a href="Archives_Nationales_d'Outre-mer" class="mw-redirect" title="Archives Nationales d'Outre-mer">Centre des archives d'Outre-mer</a> in France shows that he was admitted to Collège Quốc học on 8 August 1908, which was several months after the anti-corvée demonstration (9–13 April 1908).<a href="#cite_note-HL1-9">[g]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overseas">Overseas</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_France">In France</h3></div>

In <a href="Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>, he applied to work as a kitchen helper on a French merchant steamer, the Amiral de Latouche-Tréville, using the alias Văn Ba. The ship departed on 5 June 1911 and arrived in <a href="Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, <a href="French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> on 5 July 1911. The ship then left for <a href="Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> and <a href="Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>, returning to Marseille in mid-September. There, he applied for the French <a href="Colonial_School%2C_Paris" title="Colonial School, Paris">Colonial School</a> but did not succeed. He instead decided to begin traveling the world by working on ships and visiting many countries from 1911 to 1917.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker199942-35">[22]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h3></div>

While working as the cook's helper on a ship in 1912, Thành (Hồ) traveled to the United States. From 1912 to 1913, he may have lived in New York City (<a href="Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>) and <a href="Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, where he claimed to have worked as a baker at the <a href="Omni_Parker_House" title="Omni Parker House">Parker House Hotel</a>. The only evidence that he was in the United States is a single letter to French colonial administrators dated 15 December 1912 and postmarked New York City (he gave his address as the <a href="Poste_restante" title="Poste restante">poste restante</a> in Le Havre and his occupation as a sailor)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn-Judge200220-36">[23]</a> and a postcard to <a href="Phan_Chu_Trinh" class="mw-redirect" title="Phan Chu Trinh">Phan Chu Trinh</a> in Paris where he mentioned working at the Parker House Hotel. Inquiries to the Parker House management revealed no records of him ever having worked there.<a href="#cite_note-Duiker-23">[12]</a>: 51 It is believed that while in the U.S he made contact with <a href="Korean_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean nationalist">Korean nationalists</a>, an experience that developed his political outlook. Sophie Quinn-Judge states that this is "in the realm of conjecture".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn-Judge200220-36">[23]</a> He was also influenced by <a href="Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanist</a> and <a href="Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">black nationalist</a> <a href="Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a> during his stay, and said he attended meetings of the <a href="Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuiker201242-38">[25]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Britain">In Britain</h3></div>

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<td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#EA0504;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div></td>

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<hr>

<div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;">

<ul><li><a href="The_Drayton_Court" title="The Drayton Court">The Drayton Court</a></li>

<li><a href="Presidential_Palace_Historical_Site" title="Presidential Palace Historical Site">Presidential Palace Historical Site</a></li>

<li>Works

<ul><li><a href="The_Path_Which_Led_Me_To_Leninism" title="The Path Which Led Me To Leninism">The Path Which Led Me To Leninism</a></li>

<li><a href="President_Ho_Chi_Minh's_Testament" title="President Ho Chi Minh's Testament">President Ho Chi Minh's Testament</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></div>

<hr>

<div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Revolutionary movement</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;">

<ul><li><a href="Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina in World War II</a>

<li><a href="August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Declaration_of_independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Declaration of independence</a></li></ul>

</div></div>

<hr>

<div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">1st President of Vietnam</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;">

<ul><li><a href="Ho%E2%80%93Sainteny_Agreement" title="Ho–Sainteny Agreement">Ho–Sainteny Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Fontainebleau_Agreements" title="Fontainebleau Agreements">Fontainebleau Agreements</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a></li>

<li><a href="1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Land_reform_in_North_Vietnam" title="Land reform in North Vietnam">Land reform</a></li>

<li><a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Ho Chi Minh trail</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>

<ul><li><a href="North_Vietnamese_invasion_of_Laos" title="North Vietnamese invasion of Laos">Invasion of Laos</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Viet_Cong_and_People's_Army_of_Vietnam_use_of_terror_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Viet Cong and People's Army of Vietnam use of terror in the Vietnam War">terror</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Five-Year_Plans_of_Vietnam" title="Five-Year Plans of Vietnam">Five-Year Plans</a></li></ul>

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<div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Elections</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;">

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<div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Legacy</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;">

<ul><li><a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li>

<li><a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_Mausoleum" title="Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum">Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum</a></li>

<li><a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_Museum" title="Ho Chi Minh Museum">Ho Chi Minh Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_Monument%2C_Moscow" title="Ho Chi Minh Monument, Moscow">Monument in Moscow</a></li></ul>

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At various points from 1913 to 1919, Thành (Hồ) claimed to have lived in <a href="West_Ealing" title="West Ealing">West Ealing</a> and later in <a href="Crouch_End" title="Crouch End">Crouch End</a>, <a href="Hornsey" title="Hornsey">Hornsey</a>. He reportedly worked as either a chef or dishwasher (reports vary) at the <a href="The_Drayton_Court" title="The Drayton Court">Drayton Court Hotel</a> in West Ealing.<a href="#cite_note-39">[26]</a> Claims that he was trained as a <a href="Pastry_chef" title="Pastry chef">pastry chef</a> under <a href="Auguste_Escoffier" title="Auguste Escoffier">Auguste Escoffier</a> at the <a href="Carlton_Hotel%2C_London" title="Carlton Hotel, London">Carlton Hotel</a> in <a href="Haymarket_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haymarket (London)">Haymarket, Westminster</a> are not supported by documentary evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn-Judge200225-40">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[28]</a> However, the wall of <a href="High_Commission_of_New_Zealand_in_London" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commission of New Zealand in London">New Zealand House</a>, home of the New Zealand <a href="High_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commission">High Commission</a> which now stands on the site of the Carlton Hotel, displays a <a href="Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a>. During 1913, Thành was also employed as a pastry chef on the <a href="Newhaven%2C_East_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="Newhaven, East Sussex">Newhaven</a>–<a href="Dieppe" title="Dieppe">Dieppe</a> ferry route.<a href="#cite_note-42">[29]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_activities_in_France">Political activities in France</h2></div>

From 1919 to 1923, Thành (Hồ) began to show an interest in politics while living in France, being influenced by his friend and <a href="French_Section_of_the_Workers'_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">French Section of the Workers' International</a> comrade <a href="Marcel_Cachin" title="Marcel Cachin">Marcel Cachin</a>. Thành claimed to have arrived in Paris from London in 1917, but the French police had only documents recording his arrival in June 1919.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn-Judge200220-36">[23]</a> When he arrived, he met a scholar named <a href="Phan_Ch%C3%A2u_Trinh" title="Phan Châu Trinh">Phan Châu Trinh</a> as well as his friend <a href="Phan_V%C4%83n_Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Phan Văn Trường">Phan Văn Trường</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocheux200711-43">[30]</a>

In Paris, he joined the Groupe des Patriotes Annamites (The Group of Vietnamese Patriots) that included Phan Chu Trinh, Phan Văn Trường, Nguyễn Thế Truyền and <a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_An_Ninh" title="Nguyễn An Ninh">Nguyễn An Ninh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[31]</a> They had been publishing newspaper articles advocating for Vietnamese independence under the pseudonym Nguyễn Ái Quốc ("Nguyễn the Patriot") prior to Thành's arrival in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-45">[32]</a> The group petitioned for recognition of the <a href="Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> of the Vietnamese people in French Indochina to the Western powers at the <a href="Versailles_peace_talks" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles peace talks">Versailles peace talks</a>, but they were ignored. Citing the principle of <a href="Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> outlined before the peace accords, they requested the allied powers to end French colonial rule of Vietnam and ensure the formation of an independent government.

Before the conference, the group sent their letter to allied leaders, including French Prime Minister <a href="Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a> and <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> President <a href="Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>. They were unable to obtain consideration at <a href="Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a>, but the episode would later help establish the future Hồ Chí Minh as the symbolic leader of the <a href="Anti-colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonial">anti-colonial</a> movement at home in Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-46">[33]</a> Since Thành was the public face behind the publication of the document (although it was written by Phan Văn Trường),<a href="#cite_note-47">[34]</a> he soon became known as Nguyễn Ái Quốc, and first used the name in September during an interview with a Chinese newspaper correspondent.<a href="#cite_note-Duiker-23">[12]</a> Many authors have stated that 1919 was a lost "Wilsonian moment", where the future Hồ Chí Minh could have adopted a pro-American and less radical position if only President Wilson had received him. However, at the time of the Versailles Conference, Hồ Chí Minh was committed to a socialist program. While the conference was ongoing, Nguyễn Ái Quốc was already delivering speeches on the prospects of <a href="Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> in Asia and was attempting to persuade French socialists to join <a href="Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a>'s <a href="Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[36]</a> Upon hearing of the October 1920 death of <a href="Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republican</a> hunger striker (and Lord Mayor of Cork) <a href="Terence_MacSwiney" title="Terence MacSwiney">Terence MacSwiney</a>, Quốc (Hồ) was said to have burst into tears and said “a country with a citizen like this will never surrender”.<a href="#cite_note-50">[37]</a>

In December 1920, Quốc (Hồ) became a representative to the <a href="Congress_of_Tours" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Tours">Congress of Tours</a> of the French Section of the Workers' International, voted for the <a href="Third_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Third International">Third International</a>, and was a founding member of the French Communist Party. Taking a position in the Colonial Committee of the party, he tried to draw his comrades' attention towards people in French colonies including Indochina, but his efforts were often unsuccessful. While living in Paris, he reportedly had a relationship with a dressmaker named Marie Brière. As a French police document discovered in 2018, Quốc also had relations with the members of <a href="Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a> like <a href="Kim_Kyu-sik" title="Kim Kyu-sik">Kim Kyu-sik</a>, <a href="Jo_So-ang" title="Jo So-ang">Jo So-ang</a> while in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-51">[38]</a> While in there, Ho Chi Minh broadened his political opportunities through contact with <a href="Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a> and <a href="Korean_nationalism" title="Korean nationalism">Korean nationalists</a>, many of whom were linked to <a href="Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> institutions, as well as with French and Vietnamese Protestants. While aware of Protestant discourses on liberty, his commitment lay with <a href="Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">proletarian internationalism</a>. From 1919 onward, he embraced <a href="Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a> anticolonial positions and eventually aligned with the French Communist Party. Over time, his political stance became more rigid and exclusive.<a href="#cite_note-52">[39]</a>

During this period, he began to write journal articles and short stories as well as run his Vietnamese nationalist group. In May 1922, he wrote an article for a French magazine criticizing the use of English words by French sportswriters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocheux200721-53">[40]</a> The article implored Prime Minister <a href="Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a> to outlaw such <a href="Franglais" title="Franglais">Franglais</a> as le manager, le round and le knock-out. His articles and speeches caught the attention of <a href="Dmitry_Manuilsky" title="Dmitry Manuilsky">Dmitry Manuilsky</a>, who would soon sponsor his trip to the Soviet Union and under whose tutelage he would become a high-ranking member of the Soviet Comintern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETôn_Thất_Thiện199023–24-54">[41]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Soviet_Union_and_China">In the Soviet Union and China</h2></div>

<table class="infobox" style="width: 160px; clear: left; float:left;margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?160224-1/ho-chi-minh-life">Booknotes interview with William Duiker on Hồ Chí Minh: A Life, 12 November 2000</a>, <a href="C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

In 1923, Quốc (Hồ) left Paris for <a href="Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> carrying a passport with the name Chen Vang, a Chinese merchant,<a href="#cite_note-Duiker-23">[12]</a>: 86 where he was employed by the <a href="Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>, studied at the <a href="Communist_University_of_the_Toilers_of_the_East" title="Communist University of the Toilers of the East">Communist University of the Toilers of the East</a><a href="#cite_note-Duiker-23">[12]</a>: 92 <a href="#cite_note-NYT1969-55">[42]</a> and in January 1924, attended <a href="Death_and_state_funeral_of_Vladimir_Lenin" title="Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin">Lenin's funeral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-56">[43]</a>: 96 Hồ participated in the <a href="Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Fifth Comintern Congress</a> in June 1924 before arriving in Canton (present-day <a href="Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>), <a href="Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a> in November 1924 using the name Ly Thuy. The Comintern assigned him to assist and interpret for <a href="Mikhail_Borodin" title="Mikhail Borodin">Mikhail Borodin</a>, who was the Comintern envoy to the Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee there.<a href="#cite_note-:02-56">[43]</a>

In Canton, Hồ organized the Association of Vietnamese Youth.<a href="#cite_note-:02-56">[43]</a>: 96 He opened a political training school for Vietnamese revolutionaries,<a href="#cite_note-:02-56">[43]</a>: 96 and in 1925–1926, he organized "Youth Education Classes" and occasionally gave socialist lectures to Vietnamese revolutionary young people living in Canton at the <a href="Whampoa_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Whampoa Military Academy">Whampoa Military Academy</a>. These young people would become the seeds of a new revolutionary, pro-communist movement in Vietnam several years later. According to <a href="William_Duiker" class="mw-redirect" title="William Duiker">William Duiker</a>, he lived with a Chinese woman, <a href="Zeng_Xueming" title="Zeng Xueming">Zeng Xueming</a> (Tăng Tuyết Minh), whom he married on 18 October 1926.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocheux200739-57">[44]</a> When his comrades objected to the match, he told them: "I will get married despite your disapproval because I need a woman to teach me the language and keep house".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocheux200739-57">[44]</a> She was 21 and he was 36. They married in the same place where <a href="Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> had married earlier and then lived in the residence of Borodin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocheux200739-57">[44]</a>

<a href="Ho%C3%A0ng_V%C4%83n_Ch%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoàng Văn Chí">Hoàng Văn Chí</a>, a Vietnamese anti-communist writer, argued that in June 1925 he betrayed <a href="Phan_B%E1%BB%99i_Ch%C3%A2u" title="Phan Bội Châu">Phan Bội Châu</a>, the famous leader of a rival revolutionary faction and his father's old friend, to French Secret Service agents in Shanghai for 100,000 <a href="French_Indochinese_piastre" title="French Indochinese piastre">piastres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davidson-58">[45]</a> A source states that he later claimed he did it because he expected Châu's trial to stir up anti-French sentiment and because he needed the money to establish a communist organization.<a href="#cite_note-Davidson-58">[45]</a> In Ho Chi Minh: A Life, William Duiker considered this hypothesis, but ultimately rejected it.<a href="#cite_note-Duiker-23">[12]</a>: 126–128 This hypothesis was also rejected by Sophie Quinn-Judge and <a href="Duncan_McCargo" title="Duncan McCargo">Duncan McCargo</a>, who argued that this is likely propaganda invented by anti-communist authors, considering that Lâm Đức Thụ's reports showed that the French already had all the information they needed from their own spies. Also, according to Quinn-Judge and McCargo, Hồ was rapidly gaining supporters from the "best elements" of the Vietnamese nationalist movement to his ideas, thus having no motivation to eliminate Phan, who considered Hồ more as a successor than a competitor. Thus, Hồ had plenty of reasons to support such a respected activist as a figurehead for his movement.<a href="#cite_note-59">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[47]</a> Other sources claim that Nguyễn Thượng Huyện was responsible for Chau's capture. Chau, sentenced to lifetime <a href="House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a>, never denounced Quốc.

After <a href="Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>'s <a href="July_15_Incident" title="July 15 Incident">1927 anti-communist coup</a>, Quốc (Hồ) left Canton again in April 1927 and returned to Moscow, spending part of the summer of 1927 recuperating from <a href="Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> in <a href="Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> before returning to Paris once more in November. He then returned to Asia by way of <a href="Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Berlin, Switzerland, and Italy, where he sailed to <a href="Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand, arriving in July 1928. "Although we have been separated for almost a year, our feelings for each other do not have to be said to be felt", he reassured <a href="T%C4%83ng_Tuy%E1%BA%BFt_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tăng Tuyết Minh">Zeng</a> in an intercepted letter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocheux200739-57">[44]</a>

Quốc (Hồ) remained in Thailand, staying in the Thai village of <a href="Nakhon_Phanom_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhon Phanom Province">Nachok</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocheux200744_and_xiii-61">[48]</a> until late 1929, when he moved on to <a href="British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> and then <a href="Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. In <a href="British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> in early 1930, he chaired a meeting with representatives from two Vietnamese communist parties to merge them into a unified organization, the Communist Party of Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-scmp.com-62">[49]</a> He also founded the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoise198811-63">[50]</a> In June 1931, Hồ was arrested by the <a href="Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Hong Kong Police Force</a> (HKPF) as part of a joint operation between the French authorities in Indochina and the HKPF; scheduled to be extradited from Hong Kong to French Indochina, Hồ was successfully defended by British solicitor Frank Loseby.<a href="#cite_note-scmp.com-62">[49]</a> Eventually, after appeals to the <a href="Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">British Privy Council</a>, Hồ was reported as dead in 1932 to avoid being extradited to Indochina;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocheux200757–58-64">[51]</a> it was ruled that, though he would be deported from Hong Kong as an undesirable, it would not be to a destination controlled by France.<a href="#cite_note-scmp.com-62">[49]</a> Hồ was eventually released and escorted to <a href="Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-56">[43]</a>: 98 He subsequently returned to the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and studied and taught at the <a href="Lenin_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin Institute">Lenin Institute</a> in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-65">[52]</a>

In this period Hồ reportedly lost his positions in the Comintern because of a concern that he had betrayed the organization. However, according to Ton That Thien's research, he was a member of the inner circle of the Comintern, a protégé of <a href="Dmitry_Manuilsky" title="Dmitry Manuilsky">Dmitry Manuilsky</a> and a member in good standing of the Comintern throughout the <a href="Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETôn_Thất_Thiện1990-66">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[54]</a> Hồ was removed from control of the Party he had founded. At that time, the Comintern emphasized <a href="Class_struggle" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a> more than finding common ground with non-communists to <a href="Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">oppose imperialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-56">[43]</a>: 98 ICP leadership who replaced criticized Hồ for what they described as his <a href="Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">nationalist</a> tendencies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoise198811-63">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-56">[43]</a>: 98 In 1937, Japanese aggression in China and the Nazis' policies prompted the Comintern to emphasize working with <a href="Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">anti-fascist</a> groups among non-communists, and Hồ returned to the party's favor.<a href="#cite_note-:02-56">[43]</a>: 98

In 1938, Quốc (Hồ) returned to China and served as an advisor to the <a href="Chinese_Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Communist">Chinese Communist</a> armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn-Judge200220-36">[23]</a> He was also the senior Comintern agent in charge of Asian affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETôn_Thất_Thiện199039-68">[55]</a> He served in the <a href="Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">Eighth Route Army</a> branch office in <a href="Guilin" title="Guilin">Guilin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-56">[43]</a>: 98 In 1939, he served under the command of Marshal <a href="Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-56">[43]</a>: 98

<a href="Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">When France was defeated by Germany in 1940</a>, Hồ and his lieutenants, <a href="V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a> and <a href="Ph%E1%BA%A1m_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Phạm Văn Đồng">Phạm Văn Đồng</a>, saw this as an opportunity to advance their own cause.<a href="#cite_note-69">[56]</a> In October 1940, Hồ and his supporters established the League for Vietnamese Independence (<a href="Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a>) in Guilin.<a href="#cite_note-:02-56">[43]</a>: 98

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viet_Minh_movement">Viet Minh movement</h2></div>

In 1941, Hồ Chí Minh returned to Vietnam to lead the <a href="Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Việt Minh</a> independence movement. Hồ and ICP founded a communist-led united front to oppose the Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-:02-56">[43]</a>: 98

The <a href="Japanese_occupation_of_French_Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of French Indochina">Japanese occupation of Indochina</a> that year, the first step toward an invasion of the rest of Southeast Asia, created an opportunity for patriotic Vietnamese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt2016124-70">[57]</a> The so-called "men in black" were a 10,000-member guerrilla force that operated with the Việt Minh.<a href="#cite_note-71">[58]</a> He oversaw many successful military actions against the <a href="Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> and the Japanese occupation of Vietnam during <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, supported closely yet clandestinely by the United States <a href="Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> and later against the French bid to reoccupy the country (1946–1954). He was jailed in China by Chiang Kai-shek's local authorities before being rescued by Chinese Communists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocheux2007198-72">[59]</a> Following his release in 1943, he returned to Vietnam. It was during this time that he began regularly using the name Hồ Chí Minh, a Vietnamese name combining a common Vietnamese surname (Hồ, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1" class="extiw external" title="wikt:胡">胡</a>) with a given name meaning "Bright spirit" or "Clear will" (from <a href="Sino-Vietnamese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary">Sino-Vietnamese</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BF%97" class="extiw external" title="wikt:志">志</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E" class="extiw external" title="wikt:明">明</a>: Chí meaning "will" or "spirit" and Minh meaning "bright").<a href="#cite_note-Duiker-23">[12]</a>: 248–249 His new name was a tribute to General Hou Zhiming (侯志明), Chief Commissar of the 4th Military Region of the <a href="National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a>, who helped release him from a KMT prison in 1943.

In April 1945, he met with the OSS agent <a href="Archimedes_Patti" title="Archimedes Patti">Archimedes Patti</a> and offered to provide intelligence, asking only for "a line of communication" between his Viet Minh and the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-73">[60]</a> The OSS agreed to this and later sent a military team of OSS members to train his men and Hồ Chí Minh himself was treated for malaria and dysentery by an OSS doctor.<a href="#cite_note-74">[61]</a>

Following the <a href="August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a> organized by the Việt Minh, Hồ Chí Minh became Chairman of the Provisional Government (Premier of the <a href="Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a>) and issued a Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinn1995460-75">[62]</a> Although he convinced former Emperor <a href="B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> to abdicate, his government was not recognized by any country. He repeatedly petitioned President <a href="Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> for support for Vietnamese independence,<a href="#cite_note-76">[63]</a> citing the <a href="Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a>, but Truman never responded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinn1995461-77">[64]</a>

In 1946, future Israeli Prime Minister <a href="David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> and Hồ Chí Minh became acquainted when they stayed at the same hotel in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1966-78">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1987-79">[66]</a> He offered Ben-Gurion a Jewish home-in-exile in Vietnam,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1966-78">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1987-79">[66]</a> which Ben-Gurion declined.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam">Birth of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Civil_conflicts_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931949)" title="Civil conflicts in Vietnam (1945–1949)">Civil conflicts in Vietnam (1945–1949)</a> and <a href="First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></div>

Following Emperor Bảo Đại's abdication in August, Hồ Chí Minh read the <a href="Declaration_of_independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Declaration of Independence of Vietnam</a> on 2 September 1945<a href="#cite_note-80">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[69]</a> under the name of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. In <a href="Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>, with violence between rival Vietnamese factions and French forces increasing, the British commander, General Sir <a href="Douglas_Gracey" title="Douglas Gracey">Douglas Gracey</a>, declared martial law. On 24 September, the Việt Minh leaders responded with a call for a general strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983-83">[70]</a>

In the same month, a force of 200,000 Chinese <a href="National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> troops arrived in <a href="Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> to accept the surrender of the Japanese occupiers in northern Indochina. Hồ Chí Minh made a compromise with their general, <a href="Lu_Han_(general)" title="Lu Han (general)">Lu Han</a>, to dissolve the Communist Party and to hold an election that would yield a coalition government. When Chiang forced the French to give the <a href="Shanghai_French_Concession" title="Shanghai French Concession">French concessions</a> in Shanghai back to China in exchange for withdrawing from northern Indochina, he had no choice but to sign an agreement with France on 6 March 1946 in which Vietnam would be recognized as an autonomous state in the Indochinese Federation and the <a href="French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a>. The agreement soon broke down. The purpose of the agreement, for both the French and Vietminh, was for Chiang's army to leave North Vietnam. Fighting broke out in the North soon after the Chinese left.

Historian Professor Liam Kelley of the University of Hawaii at Manoa on his Le Minh Khai's Asian History Blog challenged the authenticity of the alleged quote where Hồ Chí Minh said he "would rather smell French shit for five years than eat Chinese shit for a thousand," noting that Stanley Karnow provided no source for the extended quote attributed to him in his 1983 Vietnam: A History and that the original quote was most likely forged by the Frenchman Paul Mus in his 1952 book Vietnam: Sociologie d'une Guerre. Mus was a supporter of French colonialism in Vietnam and Hồ Chí Minh believed there was no danger of Chinese troops staying in Vietnam. The Vietnamese at the time were busy spreading anti-French propaganda as evidence of French atrocities in Vietnam emerged, while Hồ Chí Minh showed no qualms about accepting Chinese aid after 1949.<a href="#cite_note-84">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[72]</a>

In 1946, when he traveled outside of the country, his subordinates imprisoned 2,500 non-Communist nationalists and forced 6,000 others to flee.<a href="#cite_note-86">[73]</a> Hundreds of political opponents were jailed or exiled in July 1946, notably, members of the <a href="Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Nationalist Party of Vietnam</a> and the <a href="Nationalist_Party_of_Greater_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam">Dai Viet National Party</a> after a failed attempt to raise a coup against the Viet Minh government.<a href="#cite_note-87">[74]</a> The Việt Minh then collaborated with French colonial forces to massacre supporters of rival Vietnamese nationalist movements in 1945–1946,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197557–59,_67–69,_74-88">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDommen2001153–154-90">[77]</a> and of the Trotskyists. All rival political parties were hereafter banned and local governments were purged<a href="#cite_note-91">[78]</a> to minimize opposition later on. <a href="Trotskyism_in_Vietnam" title="Trotskyism in Vietnam">Trotskyism in Vietnam</a> did not rival the Party outside of the major cities, but particularly in the South, in Saigon-Cochinchina, they had been a challenge. From the outset, they had called for armed resistance to a French restoration and an immediate transfer of industry to workers and land to peasants.<a href="#cite_note-92">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[80]</a> The French Socialist leader <a href="Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Daniel Guérin</a> recalls that when in Paris in 1946 he asked Hồ Chí Minh about the fate of the Trotskyist leader <a href="T%E1%BA%A1_Thu_Th%C3%A2u" title="Tạ Thu Thâu">Tạ Thu Thâu</a>, Hồ Chí Minh had replied, "with unfeigned emotion," that "'Thâu was a great patriot and we mourn him', but then a moment later added in a steady voice 'All those who do not follow the line which I have laid down will be broken.'"<a href="#cite_note-94">[81]</a>

The Communists eventually suppressed all non-Communist parties, but they failed to secure a peace deal with France. In the final days of 1946, after a year of diplomatic failure and many concessions in agreements, such as the <a href="Da_Lat" title="Da Lat">Dalat</a> and <a href="Fontainebleau_Agreements" title="Fontainebleau Agreements">Fontainebleau conferences</a>, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam government found that war was inevitable. The <a href="Haiphong_incident" title="Haiphong incident">bombardment of Haiphong</a> by the <a href="French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> only strengthened the belief that France had no intention of allowing an autonomous, independent state in Vietnam. The attack reportedly killed more than 6,000 Vietnamese civilians in Haiphong. French forces marched into Hanoi, now the capital city of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. On 19 December 1946, after the Haiphong incident, Hồ Chí Minh declared war against the French, marking the beginning of the <a href="First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[82]</a> The Vietnam National Army, mostly armed with <a href="Machete" title="Machete">machetes</a> and <a href="Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a> immediately attacked. They assaulted the French positions, smoking them out with straw bundled with chili pepper, destroying armored vehicles with <a href="Anti-tank_grenade" title="Anti-tank grenade">"lunge mines"</a> (a <a href="Shaped_charge" title="Shaped charge">hollow-charge warhead</a> on the end of a pole, detonated by thrusting the charge against the side of a tank; typically a <a href="Suicide_weapon" title="Suicide weapon">suicide weapon</a>)<a href="#cite_note-96">[83]</a> and <a href="Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktails</a>, holding off attackers by using <a href="Roadblock" title="Roadblock">roadblocks</a>, <a href="Land_mine" title="Land mine">landmines</a> and gravel. After two months of fighting, the exhausted Việt Minh forces withdrew after <a href="Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">systematically destroying any valuable infrastructure</a>. Hồ was mistakenly reported to be captured by a group of French soldiers, led by <a href="Jean_%C3%89tienne_Valluy" title="Jean Étienne Valluy">Jean Étienne Valluy</a> at Việt Bắc, during <a href="Operation_L%C3%A9a" title="Operation Léa">Operation Léa</a>. The person in question turned out to be a Việt Minh advisor who was killed trying to escape.

According to journalist <a href="Bernard_Fall" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Fall">Bernard Fall</a>, Hồ decided to negotiate a truce after fighting the French for several years. When the French negotiators arrived at the meeting site, they found a mud hut with a thatched roof. Inside they found a long table with chairs. In one corner of the room, a silver ice bucket contained ice and a bottle of good champagne, indicating that Hồ expected the negotiations to succeed. One demand by the French was the return to French custody of several Japanese military officers (who had been helping the Vietnamese armed forces by training them in the use of weapons of Japanese origin) for them to stand trial for war crimes committed during World War II. Hồ Chí Minh replied that the Japanese officers were allies and friends whom he could not betray, therefore he walked out to seven more years of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFall196788-97">[84]</a>

In February 1950, after the <a href="Battle_of_Route_Coloniale_4" title="Battle of Route Coloniale 4">Battle of Route Coloniale 4</a> successfully broke the French border blockade, he met with <a href="Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and <a href="Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> in Moscow after the Soviet Union recognized his government. They all agreed that China would be responsible for backing the Việt Minh.<a href="#cite_note-98">[85]</a> Mao Zedong's emissary to Moscow stated in August that China planned to train 60,000–70,000 Viet Minh shortly.<a href="#cite_note-99">[86]</a> The road to the outside world was open for Việt Minh forces to receive additional supplies which would allow them to escalate the fight against the French regime throughout Indochina. At the outset of the conflict, Hồ reportedly told a French visitor: "You can kill ten of my men for every one I kill of yours. But even at those odds, you will lose and I will win".<a href="#cite_note-100">[87]</a> In 1954, the First Indochina War came to an end after the decisive <a href="Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a>, where more than 10,000 French soldiers surrendered to the Viet Minh. The subsequent <a href="Geneva_Accords_(1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Accords (1954)">Geneva Accords</a> peace process partitioned North Vietnam at the 17th parallel.

Arthur Dommen estimates that the Việt Minh killed between 100,000 and 150,000 civilians during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDommen2001252-101">[88]</a> Benjamin Valentino estimates that the French were responsible for 60,000–250,000 civilian deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValentino200583-102">[89]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_of_North_Vietnam">President of North Vietnam</h2></div>

The <a href="1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a> concluded the war between France and the Việt Minh, allowing the latter's forces to regroup in the North whilst anti-Communist groups settled in the South. Hồ's Democratic Republic of Vietnam relocated to Hanoi and became the government of North Vietnam, a <a href="Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a>-led <a href="One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a>. Following the Geneva Accords, there was to be a 300-day period in which people could freely move between the two regions of Vietnam, later known as South Vietnam and North Vietnam. During the 300 days, Ngô Đình Diệm and <a href="Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> adviser Colonel <a href="Edward_Lansdale" title="Edward Lansdale">Edward Lansdale</a> staged a campaign to convince Northerners, particularly Catholics to move to South Vietnam. The CIA's efforts played a minimal role, as Catholic migrants were driven primarily by their own convictions and circumstances rather than external psychological operations.<a href="#cite_note-103">[90]</a> Between 800,000 and 1 million people migrated to the South. With the withdrawal from the <a href="French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a> and the dissolution of French Indochina in early 1955, Diem assumed temporary control of South Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-104">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs200643–53-105">[92]</a>

All the parties at Geneva called for reunification elections, but they could not agree on the details. Recently appointed Việt Minh acting foreign minister <a href="Ph%E1%BA%A1m_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Phạm Văn Đồng">Phạm Văn Đồng</a> proposed elections under the supervision of "local commissions". The U.S., with the support of Britain and the Associated States of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, suggested United Nations supervision. This plan was rejected by Soviet representative <a href="Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>, who argued for a commission composed of an equal number of communist and non-communist members, which could determine "important" issues only by unanimous agreement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197589,_91,_97-106">[93]</a> The negotiators were unable to agree on a date for the elections for reunification. North Vietnam argued that the elections should be held within six months of the ceasefire while the Western allies sought to have no deadline. Molotov proposed June 1955, then later softened this to any time in 1955 and finally July 1956.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogevall2012610-107">[94]</a> The Diệm government supported reunification elections, but only with effective international supervision, arguing that genuinely free elections were otherwise impossible in the totalitarian North.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1975107-108">[95]</a>

By the afternoon of 20 July 1954, the remaining outstanding issues were resolved as the parties agreed that the partition line should be at the 17th parallel and the elections for a reunified government should be held in July 1956, two years after the ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogevall2012604-109">[96]</a> The Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Vietnam was only signed by the French and Việt Minh military commands, with no participation or consultation of the <a href="State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197597-110">[97]</a> Based on a proposal by Chinese delegation head Zhou Enlai, an <a href="International_Control_Commission" title="International Control Commission">International Control Commission</a> (ICC) was established to supervise the ceasefire under the Geneva Accords. Chaired by India, the commission included Canada and Poland as its other members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogevall2012603-111">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197590,_97-112">[99]</a> Because issues were to be decided unanimously, Poland's presence in the ICC provided the Communists with effective veto power over supervision of the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197597–98-113">[100]</a> The unsigned Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference called for reunification elections, which the majority of delegates expected to be supervised by the ICC. The Việt Minh never accepted ICC authority over such elections, insisting that the ICC's "competence was to be limited to the supervision and control of the implementation of the Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities by both parties".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197599-114">[101]</a> Of the nine nations represented, only the United States and the State of Vietnam refused to accept the declaration. Undersecretary of state <a href="Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Walter Bedell Smith</a> delivered a "unilateral declaration" of the United States position, reiterating: "We shall seek to achieve unity through free elections supervised by the United Nations to ensure that they are conducted fairly".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197595,_99–100-115">[102]</a>

Between 1953 and 1956, the North Vietnamese government instituted various agrarian reforms, including rent reduction and <a href="Land_reform_in_Vietnam" title="Land reform in Vietnam">land reform</a>, which were accompanied with executions of "reactionary and evil landlords." During the land reform, testimonies by North Vietnamese witnesses suggested a ratio of one execution per 160 village residents, which if extrapolated would indicate a nationwide total of nearly 100,000 executions. Because the campaign was concentrated mainly in the Red River Delta area, a lower estimate of 50,000 executions was widely accepted by scholars at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1975143-116">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gittinger1959-21">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[n]</a> However, declassified documents from the Vietnamese and Hungarian archives indicate that the number of executions was much lower than reported at the time, although it was likely greater than 13,500.<a href="#cite_note-118">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[105]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVu2010103._"Clearly_Vietnamese_socialism_followed_a_moderate_path_relative_to_China._&nbsp;..._Yet_the_Vietnamese_'land_reform'_campaign&nbsp;..._testified_that_Vietnamese_communists_could_be_as_radical_and_murderous_as_their_comrades_elsewhere"_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVu2010103._"Clearly_Vietnamese_socialism_followed_a_moderate_path_relative_to_China._&nbsp;..._Yet_the_Vietnamese_'land_reform'_campaign&nbsp;..._testified_that_Vietnamese_communists_could_be_as_radical_and_murderous_as_their_comrades_elsewhere"-120">[106]</a> In 1990, economist Vo Nhan Tri reported uncovering a document in the central party archives which put the number of wrongful executions at 15,000. From discussions with party cadres, Vo Nhan Tri concluded that the overall number of deaths was considerably higher than this figure.<a href="#cite_note-121">[107]</a> In 2007, scholar Balasz Szalontai wrote that documents of Hungarian diplomats living in North Vietnam at the time of the land reform provided a number of the 62,182 ‘landlords’ identified by the land reform cadres, of whom 1,337 were executed by December 1955, including 1,175 executions during the first stage, which was the rent-reductuon campaign, and 162 executions during the second stage, which was the land reform proper. The third stage in early 1956, likely resulted in more deaths than the previous stages as the repression was more intense.<a href="#cite_note-122">[108]</a>

In early 1956, North Vietnam ended the land reform and initiated a "correction of errors" to rectify the mistakes and damage done. That year, Hồ Chí Minh apologised and acknowledged the serious errors the government had made in the land reform.<a href="#cite_note-Moise,_pp._237–268-123">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[110]</a> As part of the campaign, as many as 23,748 political prisoners were released by North Vietnam by September 1957.<a href="#cite_note-125">[111]</a> By 1958, the correction campaign had resulted in the return of land to many of those harmed by the land reform.<a href="#cite_note-Moise,_pp._237–268-123">[109]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></div>

As early as June 1956, the idea of overthrowing the Republic of Vietnam government was presented at a Politburo meeting. In 1959, Hồ Chí Minh began urging the Politburo to send aid to the <a href="Vi%E1%BB%87t_C%E1%BB%99ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Cộng">Việt Cộng</a> in South Vietnam; a "<a href="People's_war" title="People's war">people's war</a>" on the South was approved at a session in January 1959, and this decision was confirmed by the Politburo in March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAng200255–58,_76-126">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-HistPlace-127">[113]</a> North Vietnam <a href="North_Vietnamese_invasion_of_Laos" title="North Vietnamese invasion of Laos">invaded Laos</a> in July 1959, aided by the <a href="Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a>, and used 30,000 men to build a network of supply and reinforcement routes running through Laos and Cambodia that became known as the <a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Hồ Chí Minh trail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[114]</a> It allowed the North to send manpower and material to the Việt Cộng with much less exposure to South Vietnamese forces, achieving a considerable advantage.<a href="#cite_note-129">[115]</a> To counter the accusation that North Vietnam was violating the Geneva Accord, the independence of the Việt Cộng was stressed in communist propaganda. North Vietnam created the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam in December 1960 as a "<a href="United_front" title="United front">united front</a>", or political branch of the Việt Cộng, intended to encourage the participation of non-Communists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAng200255–58,_76-126">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-HistPlace-127">[113]</a>

At the end of 1959, aware that the planned national elections would never be held and that Diệm intended to purge opposing forces (mostly ex-Việt Minh) from South Vietnamese society, Hồ Chí Minh informally chose <a href="L%C3%AA_Du%E1%BA%A9n" title="Lê Duẩn">Lê Duẩn</a> to become the next party leader. This was interpreted by Western analysts as a loss of influence for Hồ, who was said to have preferred the more moderate Võ Nguyên Giáp for the position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAng200221-130">[116]</a> From 1959 onward, the elderly Hồ became increasingly worried about the prospect of his death, and that year he wrote down his will.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000550-131">[117]</a> Hồ stepped down as General Secretary of the Vietnam Communist party in September 1960 and Lê Duẩn was officially named party leader, leaving Hồ to function in a secondary role as head of state and member of the <a href="Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Politburo</a>. He nevertheless maintained considerable influence in the government. Lê Duẩn, <a href="T%E1%BB%91_H%E1%BB%AFu" title="Tố Hữu">Tố Hữu</a>, <a href="Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Chinh" title="Trường Chinh">Trường Chinh</a> and Phạm Văn Đồng often shared dinner with Hồ, and all of them remained key figures throughout and after the war. In the early 1960s, the North Vietnamese Politburo was divided into the "North First" faction which favored focusing on the economic development of North Vietnam, and the "South First" faction, which favored a guerrilla war in South Vietnam to reunite the country within the short term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENguyen201262-132">[118]</a> Between 1961 and 1963, 40,000 Communist soldiers infiltrated South Vietnam from the North.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAng200255–58,_76-126">[112]</a>

In 1963, Hồ purportedly corresponded with South Vietnamese President Diệm in hopes of achieving a negotiated peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocheux2007174-133">[119]</a> During the so-called "Maneli Affair" of 1963, a French diplomatic initiative was launched to achieve a federation of the two Vietnams, which would be neutral in the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983291-134">[120]</a> The four principal diplomats involved in the Maneli affair were <a href="Ramchundur_Goburdhun" title="Ramchundur Goburdhun">Ramchundur Goburdhun</a>, the Indian Chief Commissioner of the ICC; <a href="Mieczys%C5%82aw_Maneli" title="Mieczysław Maneli">Mieczysław Maneli</a>, the Polish Commissioner to the ICC; Roger Lalouette, the French ambassador to South Vietnam; and Giovanni d'Orlandi, the Italian ambassador to South Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983291-134">[120]</a> Maneli reported that Hồ was very interested in the signs of a split between President Diệm and President Kennedy and that his attitude was: "Our real enemies are the Americans. Get rid of them, and we can cope with Diệm and Nhu afterward".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983291-134">[120]</a> Hồ and Maneli also discussed the Ho Chi Minh Trail, which passed through officially neutral Cambodia and Laos, saying "Indochina is just one single entity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocheux2007237-135">[121]</a>

At a meeting in Hanoi held in French, Hồ told Goburdhun that Diệm was "in his way a patriot", noting that Diệm had opposed French rule over Vietnam, and ended the meeting saying that the next time Goburdhun met Diệm "shake hands with him for me".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2006165-136">[122]</a> The North Vietnamese Premier Phạm Văn Đồng, speaking on behalf of Hồ, told Maneli he was interested in the peace plan, saying that just as long as the American advisers left South Vietnam "we can agree with any Vietnamese".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983292-137">[123]</a> On 2 September 1963, Maneli met with <a href="Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Nhu" title="Ngô Đình Nhu">Ngô Đình Nhu</a>, the younger brother and right-hand man to Diệm to discuss the French peace plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000233–234-138">[124]</a> It remains unclear if the Ngo brothers were serious about the French peace plan or were merely using the possibility of accepting it to blackmail the United States into supporting them at a time when the Buddhist crisis had seriously strained relations between Saigon and Washington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983292-137">[123]</a> Supporting the latter theory is the fact that Nhu promptly leaked his meeting with Maneli to the American columnist <a href="Joseph_Alsop" title="Joseph Alsop">Joseph Alsop</a>, who publicized it in a column entitled "Very Ugly Stuff".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983292-137">[123]</a> The possibility that the Ngo brothers might accept the peace plan contributed to the Kennedy administration's plan to support a coup against them. On 1 November 1963, <a href="1963_South_Vietnamese_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup">a coup</a> overthrew Diệm, who was killed the next day together with his brother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983292-137">[123]</a>

Diệm had followed a policy of "deconstructing the state" by creating several overlapping agencies and departments that were encouraged to feud with one another to disorganize the South Vietnamese state to such an extent that he hoped that it would make a coup against him impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafer1988255-139">[125]</a> When Diệm was overthrown and killed, without any kind of arbiter between the rival arms of the South Vietnamese state, regime authority in South Vietnam promptly disintegrated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafer1988271–273-140">[126]</a> The American Defense Secretary <a href="Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> reported after visiting South Vietnam in December 1963 that "there is no organized government worthy of the name" in Saigon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafer1988271-141">[127]</a> At a meeting of the plenum of the Politburo in December 1963, Lê Duẩn's "South first" faction triumphed, with the Politburo passing a resolution calling for North Vietnam to complete the overthrow of the regime in Saigon as soon as possible; while the members of the "North first" faction were dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaiduk2003203-142">[128]</a> As the South descended into chaos, whatever interest Hồ might have had in the French peace plan faded, as it became clear the Việt Cộng could overthrow the Saigon government. A CIA report from 1964 stated that factionalism in South Vietnam had reached "almost the point of anarchy" as various South Vietnamese leaders fought one another, making any sort of concerted effort against the Việt Cộng impossible; leading to much of the South Vietnamese countryside being rapidly taken over by communist guerilla forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafer1988272-143">[129]</a>

As South Vietnam collapsed into factionalism and in-fighting while the Việt Cộng continued to win the war, it became increasingly apparent to President Lyndon Johnson that only American military intervention could save South Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983340–342-144">[130]</a> Though Johnson did not wish to commit American forces until he had won the 1964 election, he decided to make his intentions clear to Hanoi. In June 1964, the "Seaborn Mission" began as <a href="J._Blair_Seaborn" title="J. Blair Seaborn">J. Blair Seaborn</a>, the Canadian commissioner to the ICC, arrived in Hanoi with a message from Johnson offering billions of American economic aid and diplomatic recognition in exchange for which North Vietnam would cease trying to overthrow the government of South Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983348-145">[131]</a> Seaborn also warned that North Vietnam would suffer the "greatest devastation" from American bombing, saying that Johnson was seriously considering a strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt199315-146">[132]</a> Little came of the backchannel of the "Seaborn Mission" as the North Vietnamese distrusted Seaborn, who pointedly was never allowed to meet Hồ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000290-147">[133]</a>

In late 1964, the People's Army of Vietnam combat troops were sent southwest into officially neutral <a href="Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[134]</a> By March 1965, American combat troops began arriving in South Vietnam, first to protect the airbases around <a href="Chu_Lai" title="Chu Lai">Chu Lai</a> and <a href="Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Da Nang</a>, later to take on most of the fight as "[m]ore and more American troops were put in to replace Saigon troops who could not or would not, get involved in the fighting".<a href="#cite_note-149">[135]</a> As fighting escalated, widespread aerial and artillery bombardment all over North Vietnam by the United States Air Force and Navy began with <a href="Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">Operation Rolling Thunder</a>. On 8–9 April 1965, Hồ made a secret visit to Beijing to meet Mao Zedong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000355-150">[136]</a> It was agreed that no Chinese combat troops would enter North Vietnam unless the United States invaded North Vietnam, but that China would send support troops to North Vietnam to help maintain the infrastructure damaged by American bombing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000355-150">[136]</a> There was deep distrust and fear of China within the North Vietnamese Politburo and the suggestion that Chinese troops, even support troops, be allowed into North Vietnam caused outrage in the Politburo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000356-151">[137]</a> Hồ had to use all his moral authority to obtain Politburo's approval.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000356-151">[137]</a>

According to Chen Jian, during the mid-to-late 1960s, Lê Duẩn permitted 320,000 Chinese volunteers into North Vietnam to help build infrastructure for the country, thereby freeing a similar number of PAVN personnel to go south.<a href="#cite_note-152">[138]</a> There are no sources from Vietnam, the United States, or the Soviet Union that confirm the number of Chinese troops stationed in North Vietnam. However, the Chinese government later admitted to sending 320,000 Chinese soldiers to Vietnam during the 1960s and spent over $20 billion to support Hanoi's regular North Vietnamese Army and Việt Cộng guerrilla units.<a href="#cite_note-153">[139]</a>

To counter the American bombing, the entire population of North Vietnam was mobilized for the war effort, with vast teams of women being used to repair the damage to roads and bridges done by the aerial bombers, often at a speed that astonished the Americans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983456-154">[140]</a> The bombing of North Vietnam proved to be the principal obstacle to opening peace talks, as Hồ repeatedly stated that no peace talks would be possible unless the United States unconditionally ceased bombing North Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000413-155">[141]</a> Like many of the other leaders of the newly independent states of Asia and Africa, Hồ was extremely sensitive about threats, whether perceived or real, to his nation's independence and sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000413-155">[141]</a> Hồ regarded the American bombing as a violation of North Vietnam's sovereignty, and he felt that to negotiate with the Americans reserving the right to bomb North Vietnam should he not behave as they wanted him to do, would diminish North Vietnam's independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000413-155">[141]</a>

In March 1966, a Canadian diplomat, <a href="Chester_Ronning" title="Chester Ronning">Chester Ronning</a>, arrived in Hanoi with an offer to use his "good offices" to begin peace talks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983492-156">[142]</a> However, the Ronning mission foundered upon the bombing issue, as the North Vietnamese demanded an unconditional halt to the bombing, an undertaking that Johnson refused to give.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983492-156">[142]</a> In June 1966, <a href="Janusz_Lewandowski_(diplomat)" title="Janusz Lewandowski (diplomat)">Janusz Lewandowski</a>, the Polish Commissioner to the ICC, was able via d'Orlandi to see <a href="Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr</a>, the American ambassador to South Vietnam, with an offer from Hồ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983492-156">[142]</a> Hồ's offer for a "political compromise" as transmitted by Lewandowski included allowing South Vietnam to maintain its alliance with the U.S., instead of becoming neutral; having the Việt Cộng "take part" in negotiations for a coalition government, instead of being allowed to automatically enter a coalition government; and allowing a "reasonable calendar" for the withdrawal of American troops instead of an immediate withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983492–493-157">[143]</a> <a href="Operation_Marigold" title="Operation Marigold">Operation Marigold</a>, as the Lewandowski channel came to be codenamed, almost led to American-North Vietnamese talks in Warsaw in December 1966; but such plans ultimately collapsed over the bombing issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983493-158">[144]</a>

In January 1967, General <a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ch%C3%AD_Thanh" title="Nguyễn Chí Thanh">Nguyễn Chí Thanh</a>, the commander of communist forces in South Vietnam, returned to Hanoi to present a plan that became the genesis of the <a href="Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a> a year later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000439-159">[145]</a> Thanh expressed much concern about the Americans invading Laos to cut the Ho Chi Minh Trail, and to preempt this possibility, urged an all-out offensive to win the war with a sudden blow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000439-159">[145]</a> Lê' Duẩn supported Thanh's plans, which were stoutly opposed by the Defense Minister, General Võ Nguyên Giáp, who preferred to continue with guerrilla war, arguing that superior American firepower would ensure the failure of Thanh's proposed offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000439–440-160">[146]</a> With the Politburo divided, it was agreed to study and debate the issue more.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000440-161">[147]</a>

In July 1967, Hồ Chí Minh and most of the Politburo of the Communist Party met in a high-profile conference, where they concluded that the war had fallen into a stalemate. The American military presence forced the PAVN to expend the majority of their resources on maintaining the Hồ Chí Minh trail, rather than reinforcing their comrades' ranks in the South. Hồ seems to have agreed to Thanh's offensive because he wanted to see Vietnam reunified within his lifetime, and the increasingly ailing Hồ was painfully aware that he did not have much time left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983535-162">[148]</a> With Hồ's permission, the Việt Cộng planned a <a href="Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">massive offensive</a> that would commence on 31 January 1968, to take much of the South by force and deal a heavy blow to the American military. The offensive was executed at great cost and with heavy casualties on Việt Cộng's political branches and armed forces. The scope of the action shocked the world, which until then had been assured that the Communists were "on the ropes". The optimistic spin that the American military command had sustained for years was no longer credible. The bombing of North Vietnam and the Hồ Chí Minh trail was halted, and American and Vietnamese negotiators held discussions on how the war might be ended. From then on, Hồ Chí Minh and his government's strategy materialized: Hanoi's terms would eventually be accepted not by engaging in conventional warfare against the might of the United States Army, but by wearing down American resolve through a prolonged guerilla conflict.

In early 1969, Hồ suffered a heart attack and was in increasingly bad health for the rest of the year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983597-163">[149]</a> In July 1969, <a href="Jean_Sainteny" title="Jean Sainteny">Jean Sainteny</a>, a former French official in Vietnam who knew Hồ, secretly relayed a letter written to him from President Richard Nixon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983597-163">[149]</a> Nixon's letter proposed working together to end this "tragic war", but also warned that if North Vietnam made no concessions at the peace talks in Paris by 1 November, Nixon would resort to "measures of great consequence and force".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983597-163">[149]</a> Hồ's reply letter, which Nixon received on 30 August 1969, welcomed peace talks with the U.S. to look for a way to end the war but made no concessions, as Nixon's threats made no impression on him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983597-163">[149]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div>

In addition to being a politician, Hồ Chí Minh was also a writer, journalist, poet<a href="#cite_note-164">[150]</a> and <a href="Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">polyglot</a>. His father was a scholar and teacher who received a high degree in the <a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> <a href="Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examination</a>. Hồ was taught to master <a href="Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> at a young age. Before the August Revolution, he often wrote poetry in <a href="Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a>, the Vietnamese name for the Chinese writing system. One of those is Poems from the Prison Diary, written when he was imprisoned by the police of the <a href="Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China</a>. This poetry chronicle is Vietnam National Treasure No. 10 and was translated into many languages. It is used in Vietnamese high schools.<a href="#cite_note-165">[151]</a> After Vietnam gained independence from France, the new government exclusively promoted <a href="Ch%E1%BB%AF_Qu%E1%BB%91c_Ng%E1%BB%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Chữ Quốc Ngữ">Chữ Quốc Ngữ</a> (Vietnamese writing system in Latin characters) to eliminate illiteracy. Hồ started to create more poems in the modern Vietnamese language for dissemination to a wider range of readers. From when he became president until the appearance of serious health problems, a short poem of his was regularly published in the <a href="T%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tết">Tết</a> (Lunar new year) edition of <a href="Nh%C3%A2n_D%C3%A2n" title="Nhân Dân">Nhân Dân</a> newspaper to encourage his people in working, studying or fighting Americans in the new year.

Because he was in exile for nearly 30 years, Hồ could speak fluently as well as read and write professionally in several languages, including French, Russian, English,<a href="#cite_note-166">[152]</a> Cantonese and Mandarin, as well as his mother tongue Vietnamese.<a href="#cite_note-Duiker-23">[12]</a> In addition, he was reported to speak conversational <a href="Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[153]</a> In the 1920s, he was bureau chief/editor of many newspapers which he established to criticize French Colonial Government of Indochina and serving communist propaganda purposes. Examples are Le Paria (The Pariah) first published in Paris 1922 or <a href="Thanh_Nien" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanh Nien">Thanh Nien</a> (Youth) first published on 21 June 1925 (21 June was named by The <a href="Government_of_Vietnam" title="Government of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam Government</a> as Vietnam Revolutionary Journalism Day). In many state official visits to the Soviet Union and China, he often talked directly to their communist leaders in Russian and Mandarin without interpreters, especially about top-secret information. While being interviewed by Western journalists, he often spoke French, regardless of the language being spoken to him. He spoke Vietnamese with a strong accent from his birthplace in the central province of <a href="Ngh%E1%BB%87_An_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nghệ An Province">Nghệ An</a>, but he could still be widely understood throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-169">[o]</a>

As president, he held formal receptions for foreign heads of state and ambassadors at the <a href="Presidential_Palace%2C_Hanoi" title="Presidential Palace, Hanoi">Presidential Palace</a>, but he did not personally live there. He ordered the building of a <a href="Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">stilt house</a> at the back of the palace, which is today known as the <a href="Presidential_Palace_Historical_Site" title="Presidential Palace Historical Site">Presidential Palace Historical Site</a>. His hobbies (according to his secretary <a href="V%C5%A9_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Vũ Kỳ">Vũ Kỳ</a>) included reading, gardening, feeding fish (many of which are still living), and visiting schools and children's homes.

Hồ Chí Minh remained in Hanoi during his final years, demanding the unconditional withdrawal of all non-Vietnamese troops from South Vietnam. By 1969, with negotiations still dragging on, his health began to deteriorate from multiple health problems, including <a href="Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> which prevented him from participating in further active politics. However, he insisted that his forces in the South continue fighting until all of Vietnam was reunited regardless of the length of time that it might take, believing that time was on his side.

Hồ Chí Minh's marriage has long been swathed in secrecy and mystery. He is believed by several scholars of Vietnamese history, to have married a Chinese midwife named Zeng Xueming in October 1926,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeville201833-170">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocheux200739-57">[44]</a> although only being able to live with her for less than a year. Historian Peter Neville claimed that Hồ (at the time known as Ly Thuy<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocheux200739-57">[44]</a>) wanted to engage Zeng in the communist movements but she demonstrated a lack of ability and interest in it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeville201833-170">[155]</a> In 1927, the mounting repression of Chiang Kai-shek's KMT against the <a href="Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communists</a> compelled Hồ to leave for Hong Kong, and his relationship with Zeng appeared to have ended at that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuiker2000143–145,_198Brocheux200740Neville201833-171">[156]</a> In addition to the marriage with Zeng Xueming, there is a number of published studies indicating that Hồ had a romantic relationship with <a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%E1%BB%8B_Minh_Khai" title="Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai">Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuiker2000198–189Brocheux200762–63Neville201834LanzonaRettig202034._Quote:_"In_fact,_Minh_Khai_managed_to_gain_the_attention_of_Nguyen_Ai_Quoc_[...]_whom_she_married_in_late_1930_or_early_1931."_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuiker2000198–189Brocheux200762–63Neville201834LanzonaRettig202034._Quote:_"In_fact,_Minh_Khai_managed_to_gain_the_attention_of_Nguyen_Ai_Quoc_[...]_whom_she_married_in_late_1930_or_early_1931."-172">[157]</a> As a young and high-spirited female revolutionary, Minh Khai was delegated to Hong Kong to serve as an assistant to Ho Chi Minh in April 1930 and quickly drew Hồ's attention owing to her physical attractiveness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuiker2000185,_198-173">[158]</a> Hồ even approached the <a href="Far_Eastern_Bureau_of_the_Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Far Eastern Bureau of the Comintern">Far Eastern Bureau</a> and requested permission to marry Minh Khai even though the previous marriage with Zeng remained legally valid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocheux200763-174">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuiker2000199-175">[160]</a> However, the marriage was unable to take place since Minh Khai had been detained by the British authorities in April 1931.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarr1984244-176">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuiker2000199-175">[160]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div>

With the outcome of the Vietnam war still in question, Hồ Chí Minh died of heart failure at his home in Hanoi at 9:47 on the morning of 2 September 1969; he was 79 years old.<a href="#cite_note-moj-12">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuiker2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailshochiminh00duikpage561mode2up_561]-177">[162]</a> His embalmed body is currently on display in the <a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_Mausoleum" title="Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum">President Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum</a> in <a href="Ba_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Square" title="Ba Đình Square">Ba Đình Square</a> in Hanoi, despite his will which stated that he wanted to be cremated.<a href="#cite_note-Duiker-23">[12]</a>: 565

Due to the sensitivity of 2 September being <a href="National_Day_(Vietnam)" title="National Day (Vietnam)">Independence Day</a>, the North Vietnamese government originally delayed announcing Hồ's death until 3 September. A week of mourning for his death was decreed nationwide in North Vietnam from 4 to 11 September 1969.<a href="#cite_note-178">[163]</a> His funeral was attended by about 250,000 people and 5,000 official guests, which included many international mourners.

Representatives from 40 countries and regions were also presented. During the mourning period, North Vietnam received more than 22,000 condolences letters from 20 organizations and 110 countries across the world, such as France, <a href="Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, China, the Soviet Union and many others, mostly socialist countries.

He was not initially replaced as president; instead, a "collective leadership" composed of several ministers and military leaders took over, known as the Politburo. During <a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Chi Minh Campaign">North Vietnam's final campaign</a> in 1975, a famous song written by composer Huy Thuc was often sung by PAVN soldiers: "Bác vẫn cùng chúng cháu hành quân" ("You are still marching with us, Uncle Hồ").

During the <a href="Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a> on 30 April 1975, several PAVN tanks displayed a poster with those same words on it. The day after the battle ended, on 1 May, veteran Australian journalist <a href="Denis_Warner" title="Denis Warner">Denis Warner</a> reported that "When the North Vietnamese marched into Saigon yesterday, they were led by a man who wasn't there".<a href="#cite_note-179">[164]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div>

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam still praises the legacy of Uncle Hồ (Bác Hồ), the Bringer of Light (Chí Minh). Although Hồ Chí Minh wished for his body to be cremated and his ashes spread to North, Central, and South Vietnam, the body instead is embalmed on view in a <a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_Mausoleum" title="Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum">mausoleum</a>. His image is featured in many public buildings and schoolrooms, and other displays of reverence.<a href="#cite_note-Marsh07062012-16">[7]</a> There is at least one temple dedicated to him, built in then Việt Cộng-controlled <a href="V%C4%A9nh_Long" title="Vĩnh Long">Vĩnh Long</a> shortly after his death in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-180">[165]</a>

In The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam (1982), Duiker suggests that Hồ Chí Minh's cult of personality is indicative of a larger legacy, one that drew on "elements traditional to the exercise of control and authority in Vietnamese society."<a href="#cite_note-181">[166]</a> Duiker is drawn to an "irresistible and persuasive" comparison with China. As in China, leading party cadres were "most likely to be intellectuals descended [like Hồ Chí Minh] from rural scholar-gentry families" in the interior (the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin). Conversely, the pioneers of constitutional nationalism tended to be from the more "Westernised" coastal south (Saigon and surrounding French direct-rule <a href="Cochinchina" title="Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a>) and to be from "commercial families without a traditional Confucian background".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuiker198225-182">[167]</a>

In Vietnam, as in China, Communism presented itself as a root and branch rejection of Confucianism, condemned for its ritualism, inherent conservatism, and resistance to change. Once in power, the Vietnamese Communists may not have fought Confucianism "as bitterly as did their Chinese counterparts", but its social prestige was "essentially destroyed." In the political sphere, the puppet son of heaven (which had been weakly represented by the Bảo Đại) was replaced by the people's republic. Orthodox materialism accorded no place to heaven, gods, or other supernatural forces. Socialist collectivism undermined the tradition of the Confucian family leader (Gia Truong). The socialist conception of social equality destroyed the Confucian views of class.<a href="#cite_note-183">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[169]</a>

Duiker argues many were to find the new ideology "congenial" precisely because of its similarities with the teachings of the old Master: "the belief in one truth, embodied in quasi-sacred texts"; in "an anointed elite, trained in an all-embracing doctrine and responsible for leading the broad masses and indoctrinating them in proper thought and behavior"; in "the subordination of the individual to the community"; and in the perfectibility, through corrective action, of human nature.<a href="#cite_note-185">[170]</a> All of this, Duiker suggests, was in some manner present in the aura of the new Master, Chi Minh, "the bringer of light", "Uncle Hồ" to whom "all the desirable qualities of Confucian ethics" are ascribed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuiker198226–28-186">[171]</a> Under Hồ Chí Minh, Vietnamese Marxism developed, in effect, as a kind of "reformed Confucianism" revised to meet "the challenges of the modern era" and, not least among these, of "total mobilization in the struggle for national independence and state power."<a href="#cite_note-187">[172]</a>

This "congeniality" with Confucian tradition was remarked on by <a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kh%E1%BA%AFc_Vi%E1%BB%87n" title="Nguyễn Khắc Viện">Nguyen Khac Vien</a>, a leading Hanoi intellectual of the 1960s and 70s. In "Confucianism and Marxism in Vietnam"<a href="#cite_note-188">[173]</a> Nguyen Khac Vien, saw definite parallels between Confucian and party discipline, between the traditional scholar gentry and Hồ Chí Minh's party cadres.<a href="#cite_note-189">[174]</a>

A completely different form of the cult of Hồ Chí Minh (and one tolerated by the government with uneasiness) is his identification in Vietnamese folk religion with the <a href="Jade_Emperor" title="Jade Emperor">Jade Emperor</a>, who supposedly incarnated again on earth as Hồ Chí Minh. Today, Hồ Chí Minh as the Jade Emperor is supposed to speak from the spirit world through Spiritualist mediums. The first such medium was one Madam Lang in the 1990s, but the cult acquired a significant number of followers through another medium, Madam Xoan. She established on 1 January 2001 the Đạo Ngọc Phật Hồ Chí Minh (the Way of Hồ Chí Minh as the Jade Buddha), also known as Đạo Bác Hồ (the Way of Uncle Hồ) at đền Hòa Bình (the Peace Temple) in Chí Linh-Sao Đỏ district of <a href="H%E1%BA%A3i_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Hải Dương">Hải Dương</a> province. She then founded the Peace Society of Heavenly Mediums (Đoàn đồng thiên Hòa Bình). Reportedly, the movement had around 24,000 followers by 2014.<a href="#cite_note-190">[175]</a>

The Vietnamese government's attempts to immortalize Hồ Chí Minh were also met with significant controversies and opposition. The regime is sensitive to anything that might question the official <a href="Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a>. This includes references to Hồ Chí Minh's personal life that might detract from the image of the dedicated "father of the revolution",<a href="#cite_note-Damau-191">[176]</a> the "celibate married only to the cause of revolution".<a href="#cite_note-Baker-192">[177]</a> William Duiker's Ho Chi Minh: A Life (2000) was candid on the matter of Hồ Chí Minh's liaisons.<a href="#cite_note-Duiker-23">[12]</a>: 605, fn 58 The government sought cuts in the Vietnamese translation<a href="#cite_note-theage-193">[178]</a> and banned distribution of an issue of the <a href="Far_Eastern_Economic_Review" title="Far Eastern Economic Review">Far Eastern Economic Review</a>, which carried a small item about the controversy.<a href="#cite_note-theage-193">[178]</a>

Many authors writing on Vietnam argued on the question of whether Hồ Chí Minh was fundamentally a nationalist or a Communist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoise19886-194">[179]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depictions_of_Hồ_Chí_Minh">Depictions of Hồ Chí Minh</h3></div>

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Busts, statues, and memorial plaques and exhibitions are displayed in destinations on his extensive world journey in exile from 1911 to 1941 including France, the United Kingdom, Russia, China, and Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-195">[180]</a>

Many activists and musicians wrote songs about Hồ Chí Minh and his revolution in different languages during the Vietnam War to demonstrate against the United States. Spanish songs were composed by <a href="F%C3%A9lix_Pita_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Félix Pita Rodríguez">Félix Pita Rodríguez</a>, <a href="Carlos_Puebla" title="Carlos Puebla">Carlos Puebla</a> and <a href="Al%C3%AD_Primera" title="Alí Primera">Alí Primera</a>. In addition, the Chilean folk singer <a href="V%C3%ADctor_Jara" title="Víctor Jara">Víctor Jara</a> referenced Hồ Chí Minh in his <a href="Anti-war_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war song">anti-war song</a> "El derecho de vivir en paz" ("The Right to Live in Peace"). <a href="Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a> wrote "Teacher Uncle Ho". <a href="Ewan_MacColl" title="Ewan MacColl">Ewan MacColl</a> produced "The Ballad of Ho Chi Minh" in 1954, describing "a man who is the father of the Indo-Chinese people, And his name [it] is Ho Chi Minh."<a href="#cite_note-196">[181]</a> Russian songs about him were written by <a href="Vladimir_Fere" title="Vladimir Fere">Vladimir Fere</a>, and German songs about him were written by <a href="Kurt_Demmler" title="Kurt Demmler">Kurt Demmler</a>.

Various places, boulevards, and squares are named after him around the world, especially in <a href="List_of_non-communist_socialist_states" title="List of non-communist socialist states">Socialist states and former Communist states</a>. In Russia, there is a <a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Chi Minh monument">Hồ Chí Minh square and monument</a> in Moscow, a Hồ Chí Minh boulevard in <a href="Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, and a Hồ Chí Minh square in <a href="Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a> (the birthplace of Vladimir Lenin, a sister city of <a href="Vinh" title="Vinh">Vinh</a>, the birthplace of Hồ Chí Minh). During the Vietnam War, the then-<a href="West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> government, in the hands of <a href="CPI(M)" class="mw-redirect" title="CPI(M)">CPI(M)</a>, renamed Harrington Street to Ho Chi Minh Sarani, which is also the location of the consulate general of the United States in <a href="Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[182]</a> According to the <a href="Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Vietnam)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Vietnam)">Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>, as many as 20 countries across Asia, Europe, America and Africa have erected monuments or statues in remembrance of Hồ Chí Minh.<a href="#cite_note-198">[183]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_influence">International influence</h2></div>

Hồ Chí Minh is considered one of the most influential leaders in the world. <a href="Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a> listed him in the list of <a href="Time_100%3A_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century">100 Most Important People of the Twentieth Century</a> (Time 100) in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-199">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[185]</a> His thought and revolution inspired many leaders and people on a global scale in Asia, Africa and Latin America during the <a href="Decolonization#Decolonization_after_1945" title="Decolonization">decolonization movement</a> which occurred after World War II. As a communist, he was one of the few international figures who were relatively well regarded in the West, and did not face the same extent of international criticism as much as other Communist rulers and factions, even winning praise for his actions.<a href="#cite_note-201">[186]</a>

In 1987, <a href="UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> officially recommended that its member states "join in the commemoration of the centenary of the birth of President Hồ Chí Minh by organizing various events as a tribute to his memory", considering "the important and many-sided contributions of President Hồ Chí Minh to the fields of culture, education and the arts" who "devoted his whole life to the national liberation of the Vietnamese people, contributing to the common struggle of peoples for peace, national independence, democracy, and social progress".<a href="#cite_note-Unesco-202">[187]</a>

One of Hồ Chí Minh's works, The Black Race, much of it originally written in French, highlights his views on the oppression of peoples from colonialism and imperialism in 20 written articles.<a href="#cite_note-203">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[189]</a> Other books such as Revolution which published selected works and articles of Hồ Chí Minh in English also highlighted Hồ Chí Minh's interpretation and beliefs in socialism and communism, and in fighting against what he perceived to be evils stemming from capitalism, colonialism, and imperialism.<a href="#cite_note-205">[190]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Communism in Vietnam</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> As President of <a href="North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> from 2 July 1949 following the <a href="State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a>'s proclamation of independence.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> as First Secretary

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> President was also head of government at the time.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> As Chairman of <a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_ph%E1%BB%A7_C%C3%A1ch_m%E1%BA%A1ng_l%C3%A2m_th%E1%BB%9Di_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a" class="extiw external" title="vi:Chính phủ Cách mạng lâm thời Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa">Provisional Revolutionary Government of Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> from 2 September to 31 December 1945, the President of <a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_ph%E1%BB%A7_Li%C3%AAn_hi%E1%BB%87p_L%C3%A2m_th%E1%BB%9Di_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a" class="extiw external" title="vi:Chính phủ Liên hiệp Lâm thời Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa">Provisional Coalition Government of Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> from 1 January to 2 March 1946, the President of <a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_ph%E1%BB%A7_Li%C3%AAn_hi%E1%BB%87p_Kh%C3%A1ng_chi%E1%BA%BFn_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a" class="extiw external" title="vi:Chính phủ Liên hiệp Kháng chiến Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa">United Resistance Government of Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> from 2 March to 3 November 1946, and Chairman of <a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_ph%E1%BB%A7_Li%C3%AAn_hi%E1%BB%87p_Qu%E1%BB%91c_d%C3%A2n_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a" class="extiw external" title="vi:Chính phủ Liên hiệp Quốc dân Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa">United National Government of Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> from 1946 to 1955

</li>

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</style>Vietnamese: [hò cǐ mīŋ] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/05\/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh_%28pronunciation%29.webm\/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh_%28pronunciation%29.webm.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh (pronunciation).webm"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh_%28pronunciation%29.webm/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh_%28pronunciation%29.webm.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a>ⓘ, Saigon: [hò cǐ mɨn].

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Vietnamese: [ŋʷiə̌ˀn sīŋ kūŋm] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7b\/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Sinh_Cung_%28pronunciation%29.webm\/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Sinh_Cung_%28pronunciation%29.webm.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nguy\u1ec5n Sinh Cung (pronunciation).webm"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Sinh_Cung_%28pronunciation%29.webm/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Sinh_Cung_%28pronunciation%29.webm.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a>ⓘ

</li>

<li id="cite_note-HL1-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HL1_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HL1_9-1">b</a> His birth name appeared in a letter from the director of Collège Quốc học, dated 7 August 1908.<a href="#cite_note-8">[2]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> The North Vietnamese government initially announced his death on 3 September in order to prevent it from coinciding with <a href="National_Day_(Vietnam)" title="National Day (Vietnam)">National Day</a>. In 1989, the <a href="Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Politburo</a> of unified Vietnam revealed the change, along with changes which were made to his original will, and it revised the date of death to 2 September.<a href="#cite_note-moj-12">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[6]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> [ɓǎːk hò].

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> including Nguyễn Tất Thành, Nguyễn Ái Quốc, Văn Ba and over 50–200 aliases.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> including Hồ Chủ tịch ('President Hồ'), Người cha già của dân tộc ('<a href="Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father of the people</a>'), or 'Founding father of modern Vietnam'<a href="#cite_note-18">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[9]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> In his application to the French Colonial School – "Nguyen Tat Thanh, born 1892 at Vinh, son of Mr. Nguyen Sinh Huy (sub doctor in literature)"

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> He told Paris Police (Surete) he was born 15 January 1894.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Dommen (2001), p.340 gives a lower estimate of 32,000 executions

</li>

<li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> He sometimes went on-air to deliver important political messages and encourage soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarr2013-168">[154]</a>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ho%20chi%20minh">"Ho Chi Minh"</a>. <a href="Random_House_Webster's_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVũ_Ngự_Chiêu2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vũ Ngự Chiêu (23 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107065939/https://hopluu.net/p128a1918/3/vai-van-nan-lich-su-the-ky-xx-ho-chi-minh-nha-ngoai-giao-1945-1946">"Vài vấn nạn lịch sử thế kỷ XX: Hồ Chí Minh – Nhà ngoại giao, 1945–1946"</a>. Hợp Lưu Magazine (in Vietnamese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hopluu.net/D_1-2_2-95_4-1862_5-8_6-3_17-108_14-2/">the original</a> on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2013.</cite> Note: See the document in French, from Centre des archives d'Outre-mer [CAOM] (Aix)/Gouvernement General de l'Indochine [GGI]/Fonds Residence Superieure d'Annam [RSA]/carton R1, and the note in English at the end of the cited article

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BBC2005-10"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2005_10-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTrần_Quốc_Vượng" class="citation web cs1">Trần Quốc Vượng. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/entertainment/story/2005/08/printable/050808_trongcoi.shtml">"Lời truyền miệng dân gian về Hồ Chí Minh"</a>. BBC Vietnamese. Retrieved 10 December 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-HL2-11"><a href="#cite_ref-HL2_11-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNguyễn_Vĩnh_Châu" class="citation web cs1">Nguyễn Vĩnh Châu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025311/http://www.hopluu.net/D_1-2_2-117_4-1513">"Phỏng vấn sử gia Vũ Ngự Chiêu về những nghiên cứu lịch sử liên quan đến Hồ Chí Minh"</a>. Hợp Lưu Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hopluu.net/D_1-2_2-117_4-1513/">the original</a> on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-moj-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moj_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moj_12-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFNguyễn_Xuân_Tùng2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nguyễn Xuân Tùng (18 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moj.gov.vn/qt/cacchuyenmuc/Pages/45-nam-di-chuc-hcm.aspx?ItemID=5">"Giới thiệu những tư liệu về Di chúc của Chủ tịch Hồ Chí Minh"</a> [Introduction to documents related to President Ho Chi Minh's will] (in Vietnamese). <a href="Ministry_of_Justice_(Vietnam)" title="Ministry of Justice (Vietnam)">Ministry of Justice (Vietnam)</a>. Retrieved 1 October 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNgo2018" class="citation book cs1">Ngo, Tam T. T. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4-ZfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA219">"The Uncle Hồ religion in Vietnam"</a>. In Dean, Kenneth; van der Veer, Peter (eds.). The Secular in South, East, and Southeast Asia. Springer. p. 219. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-319-89369-3</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Marsh07062012-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marsh07062012_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marsh07062012_16-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMarsh2012" class="citation web cs1">Marsh, Viv (7 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-18328455">"Uncle Ho's legacy lives on in Vietnam"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150411012824/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-18328455">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWatanabe2014" class="citation web cs1">Watanabe, Musa (25 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlab.citytech.cuny.edu/our-places/2015/05/06/father-of-modern-vietnam-ho-chi-minh/">"Father of modern Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh"</a>. The OpenLab at <a href="New_York_City_College_of_Technology" title="New York City College of Technology">New York City College of Technology</a>. Retrieved 17 April 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWoolf2017" class="citation web cs1">Woolf, Chris (18 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theworld.org/stories/2017-09-18/little-known-story-vietnamese-communist-leader-ho-chi-minh-s-admiration-us">"The little-known story of Vietnamese communist leader Ho Chi Minh's admiration for the US"</a>. <a href="The_World_(radio_program)" title="The World (radio program)">The World</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Gittinger1959-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gittinger1959_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gittinger1959_21-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFGittinger1959" class="citation journal cs1">Gittinger, J. Price (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3024603">"Communist Land Policy in North Viet Nam"</a>. Far Eastern Survey. 28 (8): 113–126. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3024603">10.2307/3024603</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-8949">0362-8949</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3024603">3024603</a>.</cite>

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197557–59,_67–69,_74-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197557–59,_67–69,_74_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner 1975</a>, pp. 57–59, 67–69, 74.

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<li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1">"Myths of the Vietnam War". Southeast Asian Perspectives. September 1972. pp. 14–18.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDommen2001153–154-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDommen2001153–154_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDommen2001">Dommen 2001</a>, pp. 153–154.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Colvin, John. Giap: the Volcano under the Snow (New York: Soho Press, 1996), p. 51

</li>

<li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Daniel Hemery (1975) Revolutionnaires Vietnamiens et pouvoir colonial en Indochine. François Maspero, Paris. 1975

</li>

<li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Ngo Van (2000) Viet-nam 1920–1945: Révolution et Contre-révolution sous la domination coloniale, Paris: Nautilus Editions

</li>

<li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Daniel Guérin (1954) Aux services des colonises, 1930–1953, Editions Minuit, Paris, p. 22

</li>

<li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> A nationwide call for resistance

</li>

<li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/jp_tankhunters/">"Lone Sentry: New Weapons for Jap Tank Hunters (U.S. WWII Intelligence Bulletin, March 1945)"</a>. lonesentry.com. Retrieved 27 May 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFall196788-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFall196788_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFall1967">Fall 1967</a>, p. 88.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Luo, Guibo. pp. 233–236

</li>

<li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "Chronology", p. 45.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> McMaster, H.R. (1997) "Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, The Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies that Led to Vietnam", p. 35.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDommen2001252-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDommen2001252_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDommen2001">Dommen 2001</a>, p. 252.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValentino200583-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValentino200583_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFValentino2005">Valentino 2005</a>, p. 83.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHansen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, Peter (2009). "Bắc Di Cư: Catholic Refugees from the North of Vietnam, and Their Role in the Southern Republic, 1954–1959". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 4 (3). Berkeley, California: University of California Press: 173–211. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fvs.2009.4.3.173">10.1525/vs.2009.4.3.173</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Maclear, pp. 65–68.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs200643–53-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs200643–53_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobs2006">Jacobs 2006</a>, pp. 43–53.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197589,_91,_97-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197589,_91,_97_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner 1975</a>, pp. 89, 91, 97.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELogevall2012610-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogevall2012610_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLogevall2012">Logevall 2012</a>, p. 610.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1975107-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1975107_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner 1975</a>, p. 107.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELogevall2012604-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogevall2012604_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLogevall2012">Logevall 2012</a>, p. 604.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197597-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197597_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner 1975</a>, p. 97.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELogevall2012603-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogevall2012603_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLogevall2012">Logevall 2012</a>, p. 603.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197590,_97-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197590,_97_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner 1975</a>, pp. 90, 97.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197597–98-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197597–98_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner 1975</a>, pp. 97–98.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197599-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197599_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner 1975</a>, p. 99.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197595,_99–100-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197595,_99–100_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner 1975</a>, pp. 95, 99–100.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1975143-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1975143_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner 1975</a>, p. 143.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVu2007" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Vu, Tuong (25 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191201013541/https://sites.google.com/a/uw.edu/vietnamstudiesgroup/discussion-networking/vsg-discussion-list-archives/vsg-discussion-2007/newly-released-documents-on-the-land-reform">"Newly released documents on the land reform"</a> (Mailing list). Vietnam Studies Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/a/uw.edu/vietnamstudiesgroup/discussion-networking/vsg-discussion-list-archives/vsg-discussion-2007/newly-released-documents-on-the-land-reform">the original</a> on 1 December 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2017. <q>Thus the number of 13,500 executed people seems to be a low-end estimate of the real number. This is corroborated by Edwin Moise in his recent paper "Land Reform in North Vietnam, 1953–1956" presented at the 18th Annual Conference on SE Asian Studies, Center for SE Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley (February 2001). In this paper, Moise (7–9) modified his earlier estimate in his 1983 book (which was 5,000) and accepted an estimate of close to 15,000 executions. Moise made the case based on Hungarian reports provided by Balazs, but the document I cited above offers more direct evidence for his revised estimate. This document also suggests that the total number should be adjusted up some more, taking into consideration the later radical phase of the campaign, the unauthorized killings at the local level, and the suicides following arrest and torture (the central government bore less direct responsibility for these cases, however).</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSzalontai2005" class="citation journal cs1">Szalontai, Balazs (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://6931dbf1-a-017ed1b7-s-sites.googlegroups.com/a/uw.edu/vietnamstudiesgroup/discussion-networking/vsg-discussion-list-archives/vsg-discussion-2011/drv-1956-decree-law/DRV%201956%20decree%20law.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7cp-R3ROUQ71qMNWrYB5PoNF4zn1AbM0d-9c6MUbPPZALpDk4hyV6rybi8TdtN5P2p0RcEVIf61wGGrE3q3U0Ygk3U_7T6BkroHF5SmJZ6PDXNmifl--nYT_pHqyHfloE0_ypCwab_ZbO9refyEGpHEyRLeKw8Jy7NhKZI1x8NJ2wbO13M8HjtaXiHEzzDP-Qzu-fiwM8GUMl932SmyYS98YsvPlvYpTRyUGWD7Dj3pLiRpibd5-V8swsU9n1F6Gr3bcVYQ58utuSNoi2H-S0kEjG4C4C0y_b_UQtj4ei3h8LAzGBAOUhCMHdf1Y1V0yCm91UdjrIKgNmXOWcLed3p8U7ORhpcqPAZJp_zttHhsiWo2D7lY%3D&attredirects=0">"Political and Economic Crisis in North Vietnam, 1955–56"</a> (PDF). <a href="Cold_War_History_(journal)" title="Cold War History (journal)">Cold War History</a>. 5 (4): 395–426. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14682740500284630">10.1080/14682740500284630</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153956945">153956945</a>. Retrieved 30 November 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVu2010103._"Clearly_Vietnamese_socialism_followed_a_moderate_path_relative_to_China._&nbsp;..._Yet_the_Vietnamese_'land_reform'_campaign&nbsp;..._testified_that_Vietnamese_communists_could_be_as_radical_and_murderous_as_their_comrades_elsewhere"-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVu2010103._"Clearly_Vietnamese_socialism_followed_a_moderate_path_relative_to_China._&nbsp;..._Yet_the_Vietnamese_'land_reform'_campaign&nbsp;..._testified_that_Vietnamese_communists_could_be_as_radical_and_murderous_as_their_comrades_elsewhere"_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVu2010">Vu 2010</a>, p. 103. "Clearly Vietnamese socialism followed a moderate path relative to China.  ... Yet the Vietnamese 'land reform' campaign ... testified that Vietnamese communists could be as radical and murderous as their comrades elsewhere".

</li>

<li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNhan1990" class="citation book cs1">Nhan, Vo Tri (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7htC9I_J34C&dq=vo+nhan+tri&pg=PA232">Vietnam's Economic Policy Since 1975</a> (1st. ed.). Institute for Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 2–3. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-981-3035-54-6</bdi>. Retrieved 8 July 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSzalontai" class="citation web cs1">Szalontai, Balazs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.viet-studies.net/kinhte/CrisisinNoVN_CWH.pdf">"Political and Economic Crisis in North Vietnam, 1955–56"</a> (PDF). Cold War History (journal). Retrieved 1 July 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Moise,_pp._237–268-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moise,_pp._237–268_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moise,_pp._237–268_123-1">b</a> Moise, pp. 237–268

</li>

<li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hochiminh.vn/tu-tuong-dao-duc-ho-chi-minh/nghien-cuu-tu-tuong-dao-duc-ho-chi-minh/tu-chuc-thoi-chuc-va-nhung-lan-sua-sai-thoi-chu-tich-ho-chi-minh-8270">"Từ chức, thôi chức và những lần sửa sai thời Chủ tịch Hồ Chí Minh"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Szalontai, p. 401

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAng200255–58,_76-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAng200255–58,_76_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAng200255–58,_76_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAng200255–58,_76_126-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAng2002">Ang 2002</a>, pp. 55–58, 76.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-HistPlace-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HistPlace_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HistPlace_127-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/index-1945.html">"The History Place – Vietnam War 1945–1960"</a>. Retrieved 21 December 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> The Economist, 26 February 1983.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Lind, 1999

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAng200221-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAng200221_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAng2002">Ang 2002</a>, p. 21.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000550-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000550_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 550.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENguyen201262-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENguyen201262_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNguyen2012">Nguyen 2012</a>, p. 62.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocheux2007174-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrocheux2007174_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrocheux2007">Brocheux 2007</a>, p. 174.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983291-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983291_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983291_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983291_134-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarnow1983">Karnow 1983</a>, p. 291.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocheux2007237-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrocheux2007237_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrocheux2007">Brocheux 2007</a>, p. 237.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2006165-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs2006165_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobs2006">Jacobs 2006</a>, p. 165.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983292-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983292_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983292_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983292_137-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983292_137-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarnow1983">Karnow 1983</a>, p. 292.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000233–234-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000233–234_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, pp. 233–234.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafer1988255-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafer1988255_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShafer1988">Shafer 1988</a>, p. 255.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafer1988271–273-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafer1988271–273_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShafer1988">Shafer 1988</a>, pp. 271–273.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafer1988271-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafer1988271_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShafer1988">Shafer 1988</a>, p. 271.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaiduk2003203-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaiduk2003203_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaiduk2003">Gaiduk 2003</a>, p. 203.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafer1988272-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafer1988272_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShafer1988">Shafer 1988</a>, p. 272.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983340–342-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983340–342_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarnow1983">Karnow 1983</a>, pp. 340–342.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983348-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983348_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarnow1983">Karnow 1983</a>, p. 348.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt199315-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt199315_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHunt1993">Hunt 1993</a>, p. 15.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000290-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000290_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 290.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Davidson, Vietnam at War: the history, 1946–1975, 1988

</li>

<li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vvaw.org/about/warhistory.php">"Vietnam Veterans Against the War: History of the U.S. War in Vietnam"</a>. vvaw.org.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000355-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000355_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000355_150-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 355.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000356-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000356_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000356_151-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 356.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Chen Jian. "China's Involvement in the Vietnam Conflict, 1964–69", China Quarterly, No. 142 (June 1995), pp. 366–369.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171106215019/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/05/17/china-admits-combat-in-vietnam-war/6b9cb8a4-4d18-48bf-80d2-bea80f64057c/">"China Admits Combat in Vietnam War"</a>. <a href="The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/05/17/china-admits-combat-in-vietnam-war/6b9cb8a4-4d18-48bf-80d2-bea80f64057c/">the original</a> on 6 November 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983456-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983456_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarnow1983">Karnow 1983</a>, p. 456.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000413-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000413_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000413_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000413_155-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 413.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983492-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983492_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983492_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983492_156-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarnow1983">Karnow 1983</a>, p. 492.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983492–493-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983492–493_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarnow1983">Karnow 1983</a>, pp. 492–493.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983493-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983493_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarnow1983">Karnow 1983</a>, p. 493.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000439-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000439_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000439_159-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 439.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000439–440-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000439–440_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, pp. 439–440.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000440-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000440_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 440.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983535-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983535_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarnow1983">Karnow 1983</a>, p. 535.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983597-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983597_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983597_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983597_163-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow1983597_163-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarnow1983">Karnow 1983</a>, p. 597.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMinh1968" class="citation magazine cs1">Minh, Ho Chi (7 May 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/ho-chi-minh-prison-diary/">"Ho Chi Minh: From 'Prison Diary'"</a>. The Nation.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Translated version:

<ul><li>French – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194357/http://www.tienphongonline.com.vn/Tianyon/Index.aspx?ArticleID=58996&ChannelID=7">Người tình nguyện vào ngục Bastille dịch "Nhật ký trong tù"</a></li>

<li><a href="Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> – by Ivo Vasiljev.</li>

<li><a href="Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dangcongsan.vn/cpv/Modules/News_English/News_Detail_E.aspx?CN_ID=11422&CO_ID=10048">"Prison Diary" published in Korean</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016113410/http://www.dangcongsan.vn/cpv/Modules/News_English/News_Detail_E.aspx?CN_ID=11422&CO_ID=10048">Archived</a> 16 October 2015 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Ahn Kyong Hwan.</li>

<li>English – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Poems-Prison-Diary-Chi-Minh/dp/0971219877/sr=1-28/qid=1157099378/ref=sr_1_28/104-5826911-2900749?ie=UTF8&s=books">by Steve Bradbury, Tinfish Press</a>

<ul><li>Older version – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monash.edu/library/collections/exhibitions/communism/virtual-exhibition/items2/item45">by Aileen Palmer</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Spanish – <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031216001859/http://www.vnn.vn/vanhoa/vandekhac/2003/10/32274/">[1]</a> by <a href="F%C3%A9lix_Pita_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Félix Pita Rodríguez">Félix Pita Rodríguez</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> – by <a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Lupeanu" class="extiw external" title="ro:Constantin Lupeanu">ro:Constantin Lupeanu</a></li>

<li>Russian – by <a href="Pavel_Antokolsky" title="Pavel Antokolsky">Pavel Antokolsky</a></li></ul>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTwJse0KCvI">"1960s Interview with Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam"</a>. YouTube. Kinolibrary. 12 February 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrown2014" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Simon Leo (6 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-06/esperanto-language-love/5504884">"Esperanto the language of love"</a>. <a href="ABC_(Australian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC (Australian TV channel)">ABC</a>. Retrieved 29 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarr2013-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarr2013_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarr2013">Marr 2013</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeville201833-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeville201833_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeville201833_170-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeville2018">Neville 2018</a>, p. 33.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuiker2000143–145,_198Brocheux200740Neville201833-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuiker2000143–145,_198Brocheux200740Neville201833_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuiker2000">Duiker 2000</a>, pp. 143–145, 198; <a href="#CITEREFBrocheux2007">Brocheux 2007</a>, p. 40; <a href="#CITEREFNeville2018">Neville 2018</a>, p. 33.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuiker2000198–189Brocheux200762–63Neville201834LanzonaRettig202034._Quote:_"In_fact,_Minh_Khai_managed_to_gain_the_attention_of_Nguyen_Ai_Quoc_[...]_whom_she_married_in_late_1930_or_early_1931."-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuiker2000198–189Brocheux200762–63Neville201834LanzonaRettig202034._Quote:_"In_fact,_Minh_Khai_managed_to_gain_the_attention_of_Nguyen_Ai_Quoc_[...]_whom_she_married_in_late_1930_or_early_1931."_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuiker2000">Duiker 2000</a>, pp. 198–189; <a href="#CITEREFBrocheux2007">Brocheux 2007</a>, pp. 62–63; <a href="#CITEREFNeville2018">Neville 2018</a>, p. 34; <a href="#CITEREFLanzonaRettig2020">Lanzona & Rettig 2020</a>, p. 34. Quote: "In fact, Minh Khai managed to gain the attention of Nguyen Ai Quoc [...] whom she married in late 1930 or early 1931.".

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuiker2000185,_198-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuiker2000185,_198_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuiker2000">Duiker 2000</a>, pp. 185, 198.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocheux200763-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrocheux200763_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrocheux2007">Brocheux 2007</a>, p. 63.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuiker2000199-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuiker2000199_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuiker2000199_175-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuiker2000">Duiker 2000</a>, p. 199.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarr1984244-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarr1984244_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarr1984">Marr 1984</a>, p. 244.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuiker2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailshochiminh00duikpage561mode2up_561]-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuiker2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailshochiminh00duikpage561mode2up_561]_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuiker2000">Duiker 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hochiminh00duik/page/561/mode/2up">561</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1">"Ho Chi Minh dies of heart attack". <a href="The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>. 4 September 1969. p. 1.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a href="The_Sun_News-Pictorial" title="The Sun News-Pictorial">The Sun News-Pictorial</a>, 1 May 1975, p. 1.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skydoor.net/place/%C4%90%E1%BB%81n_Th%E1%BB%9D_B%C3%A1c_H%E1%BB%93">"Đền Thờ Bác Hồ"</a> [Temple of Uncle Hồ]. SkyDoor (in Vietnamese). <a href="Vietnam_National_Administration_of_Tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam National Administration of Tourism">Vietnam National Administration of Tourism</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903033702/https://skydoor.net/place/%C4%90%E1%BB%81n_Th%E1%BB%9D_B%C3%A1c_H%E1%BB%93">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newpol.org/review/sky-without-light-vietnamese-tragedy/">Manfred McDowell, "Sky without Light: a Vietnamese Tragedy", New Politics, Vol XIII, No. 3, 2011, pp. 131–136, p. 133.</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuiker198225-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuiker198225_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuiker1982">Duiker 1982</a>, p. 25.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Pham Duy Nghia (2005), "Confucianism and the conception of the law in Vietnam," Asian Socialism and Legal Change: The dynamics of Vietnamese and Chinese Reform, John Gillespie, Pip Nicholson eds., Australian National University Press, pp. 76–90, 83–84

</li>

<li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPham2005" class="citation book cs1">Pham, Duy Nghia (2005). "4 Confucianism and the conception of the law in Vietnam". In Gillespie, John; Nicholson, Pip (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227153955/https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/j.ctt2jbjds.12.pdf">Asian Socialism and Legal Change: The dynamics of Vietnamese and Chinese Reform</a> (PDF). <a href="ANU_Press" title="ANU Press">ANU Press</a>. pp. 76–90. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-920942-27-4</bdi>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjds.12">j.ctt2jbjds.12</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/j.ctt2jbjds.12.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> See also R. Peerenboom (2001).'Globalization, path dependency and the limits of the law: administrative law reform and the rule of law in the PRC', Berkeley Journal of International Law, 19(2):161–264.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuiker198226–28-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuiker198226–28_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuiker1982">Duiker 1982</a>, pp. 26–28.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> McDowell, p. 133

</li>

<li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> "Confucianism and Marxism in Vietnam" in Nguyen Khac Vien, Tradition and Revolution in Vietnam, Berkeley, the Indochina Resource Center, 1974

</li>

<li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Stein Tonnesson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cliostein.com/documents/1993/93%20from%20confucianism%20to%20communism.pdf">From Confucianism to Communism and Back: Vietnam 1925–1995</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801202016/http://www.cliostein.com/documents/1993/93%20from%20confucianism%20to%20communism.pdf">Archived</a> 1 August 2020 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, paper presented to the Norwegian Association of Development Studies, "State and Society in East Asia", 29 April – 2 May 1993.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Chung Van Hoang, New Religions and State's Response to Religious Diversification in Contemporary Vietnam: Tensions from the Reinvention of the Sacred, Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2017, 87–107.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Damau-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Damau_191-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDinh" class="citation web cs1">Dinh, Thuy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gardendistrictbookshop.shelf-awareness.com/?issue=55#m985">"The Writer's Life Stephen B. Young and Hoa Pham Young: Painting in Lacquer"</a>. The Zenith by Duong Thu Huong. Da Mau magazine. Retrieved 25 December 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Baker-192"><a href="#cite_ref-Baker_192-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBaker2002" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Mark (15 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/08/14/1029113957710.html">"Uncle Ho: a legend on the battlefield and in the boudoir"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 December 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-theage-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theage_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theage_193-1">b</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/08/14/1029113955533.html">"Great 'Uncle Ho' may have been a mere mortal"</a>. The Age. 15 August 2002. Retrieved 2 August 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoise19886-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoise19886_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoise1988">Moise 1988</a>, p. 6.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/2017/05/the-places-where-president-ho-chi-minh-lived-and-worked-in-thailand/">The places where President Ho Chi Minh lived and worked in Thailand</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706202049/https://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/2017/05/the-places-where-president-ho-chi-minh-lived-and-worked-in-thailand/">Archived</a> 6 July 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Vietnam Breaking News, 19 May 2017

</li>

<li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/fjzMWumVhV8">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150112033410/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjzMWumVhV8&gl=US&hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjzMWumVhV8">"The Ballad of Ho Chi Minh – Ewan MacColl with the London Critics Group"</a>. Youtube. 19 May 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/layers-of-history-most-indian-street-names-honour-little-men-for-the-wrong-reasons/cid/1022991">"Layers of History – Most Indian street names honor little men for the wrong reasons"</a>. www.telegraphindia.com.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170523102926/http://tuoitrenews.vn/politics/39214/remembering-vietnams-late-president-ho-chi-minh-in-foreign-countries">"Remembering Vietnam's late President Ho Chi Minh in foreign countries – Tuoi Tre News"</a>. 4 December 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tuoitrenews.vn/politics/39214/remembering-vietnams-late-president-ho-chi-minh-in-foreign-countries">the original</a> on 23 May 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601980413,00.html">"Time Magazine – U.S. Edition – April 13, 1998 Vol. 151 No. 14"</a>. <a href="Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKarnow1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Karnow, Stanley (13 April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309130826/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988162-1,00.html">"Ho Chi Minh"</a>. Time. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988162-1,00.html">the original</a> on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2017 – via content.time.com.</cite>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Unesco-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Unesco_202-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000769/076995E.pdf">"UNESCO. General Conference; 24th; Records of the General Conference, 24th session, Paris, 20 October to 20 November 1987, v. 1: Resolutions; 1988"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 26 September 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVietnamPlus2022" class="citation web cs1">VietnamPlus (20 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.vietnamplus.vn/foreign-scholars-highlights-values-of-president-ho-chi-minhs-writings-on-antiracism/222348.vnp">"Foreign scholars highlights values of President Ho Chi Minh's writings on anti-racism | Society | Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus)"</a>. VietnamPlus. Retrieved 20 February 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220100836/https://issuu.com/vsacan/docs/the_black_race_-_issuu">"The Black Race by Ho Chi Minh by New Vietnam Publishing – Issuu"</a>. issuu.com. 20 February 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/vsacan/docs/the_black_race_-_issuu">the original</a> on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bannedthought.net/Vietnam/HoChiMinh/HoChiMinhOnRevolution-SelectedWritings-1920-66.pdf">HoChiMinhOnRevolution-SelectedWritings.pdf</a>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAng2002" class="citation book cs1">Ang, Cheng Guan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4OgLBUXHikIC">The Vietnam War from the Other Side</a>. RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 55–58, 76. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7007-1615-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBrocheux2007" class="citation book cs1">Brocheux, Pierre (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fJtqjYiVbUAC&pg=PA39">Ho Chi Minh: A Biography</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-85062-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDommen2001" class="citation book cs1">Dommen, Arthur J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fGduAAAAMAAJ">The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0253338549</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDuncanson1957" class="citation journal cs1">Duncanson, Dennis J (1957). "Ho Chi Minh in Hong Kong 1931–1932". The China Quarterly. 57 (Jan–Mar 1957): 85.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDuiker1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="William_J._Duiker" title="William J. Duiker">Duiker, William J.</a> (1982). The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864836133">864836133</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDuiker2000" class="citation book cs1">—————— (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513162124/https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=ztSNxW9qf7MC">Ho Chi Minh: A Life</a>. Hyperion Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0786887019</bdi>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztSNxW9qf7MC">the original</a> on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDuiker2012" class="citation book cs1">—————— (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fllrAwAAQBAJ&q=ho+chi+minh+influenced+by+marcus+garvey">Ho Chi Minh: A Life</a>. Hachette Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1401305611</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFall1967" class="citation book cs1">Fall, Bernard. B (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GMgRAAAAMAAJ">Last Reflections on a War</a>. Doubleday. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0805203295</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGaiduk2003" class="citation book cs1">Gaiduk, Ilya (2003). Confronting Vietnam: Soviet Policy Toward the Indochina Conflict, 1954–1963. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0804747121</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFForbesHenley2012" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2012). Vietnam Past and Present: The North. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Cognoscenti Books.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHunt1993" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, David (1993). The American War in Vietnam. SEAP Publications. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0877271313</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHunt2016" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Michael H. (2016). The World Transformed 1945 To the Present. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 125. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-937102-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2006" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Seth (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rQIfAAAAQBAJ">Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0742573956</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKarnow1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Stanley_Karnow" title="Stanley Karnow">Karnow, Stanley</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g9mcPwAACAAJ">Vietnam: A History</a>. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0712600101</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLangguth2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="A.J._Langguth" class="mw-redirect" title="A.J. Langguth">Langguth, A.J.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQorBRYyu_gC">Our Vietnam: The War 1954–1975</a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0743212441</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLanzonaRettig2020" class="citation book cs1">Lanzona, V.A.; Rettig, F. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tGjIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT34">Women Warriors in Southeast Asia</a>. Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia. Taylor & Francis. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-317-57184-1</bdi>. Retrieved 19 November 2021.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLogevall2012" class="citation book cs1">Logevall, Fredrik (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/embersofwarfallo0000loge">Embers of War: The fall of an Empire and the making of America's Vietnam</a>. Random House. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-679-64519-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMarr2013" class="citation book cs1">Marr, David G. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0TBgbhSYuEC">Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946)</a>. University of California Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0520954977</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMarr1984" class="citation book cs1">—————— (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FkcZ_nGkW-oC&pg=PA244">Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945</a>. University of California Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-520-90744-7</bdi>. Retrieved 17 November 2021.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMoise1988" class="citation journal cs1">Moise, Edwin E. (1988). "Nationalism and Communism in Vietnam". Journal of Third World Studies. 5 (2). University Press of Florida: 6–22. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45193059">45193059</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNeville2018" class="citation book cs1">Neville, Peter (2018). "Chapter 3: Survival". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=009tDwAAQBAJ">Ho Chi Minh</a>. Routledge Historical Biographies. Taylor & Francis. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-429-82822-5</bdi>. Retrieved 17 November 2021.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2012" class="citation book cs1">Nguyen, Lien-Hang T. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uncpress.org/book/9780807882696/hanois-war/">Hanoi's War: An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam</a>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780807882696</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPike1976" class="citation conference cs1">Pike, Douglas (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/virtualarchive/items.php?item=2360513065">Ho Chi Minh: A Post-War Re-evaluation</a>. 30th Annual Congress of Orientalists. Mexico City. Retrieved 21 December 2017 – via Vietnam Center and Sam Johnson Vietnam Archive.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFQuinn-Judge2002" class="citation book cs1">Quinn-Judge, Sophie (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XPMt03ckruUC&q=ho+chi+minh&pg=PP1">Ho Chi Minh: The Missing Years 1919–1941</a>. <a href="University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0520235335</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFShafer1988" class="citation book cs1">Shafer, D. Michael (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OBMABAAAQBAJ">Deadly Paradigms: The Failure of U.S. Counterinsurgency Policy</a>. Vol. 1032. Princeton University Press. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt7zvtwm">10.2307/j.ctt7zvtwm</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1400860586</bdi>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7zvtwm">j.ctt7zvtwm</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTrần_Dân_Tiên1994" class="citation book cs1">Trần Dân Tiên (1994). Những mẩu chuyện về đời hoạt động của Hồ Chủ tịch [The tales of the life of President Ho]. Nhà xuất bản Chính trị quốc gia [National Political Publishing House].</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTôn_Thất_Thiện1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_Thi%E1%BB%87n" title="Tôn Thất Thiện">Tôn Thất Thiện</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oucqAAAAIAAJ">Ho Chi Minh and the Comintern</a>. Singapore: Information and Resource Center. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-9810021399</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTucker1999" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FEpuVkgzFJYC">Vietnam</a>. UCL Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1857289220</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTurner1975" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Robert F. (1975). Vietnamese Communism: Its Origin and Development. Hoover Institution Press.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFValentino2005" class="citation book cs1">Valentino, Benjamin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LQfeXVU_EvgC">Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century</a>. <a href="Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0801472732</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFVu2010" class="citation book cs1">Vu, Tuong (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uZbr9iD1HZ8C">Paths to Development in Asia: South Korea, Vietnam, China, and Indonesia</a>. <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1139489010</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFZinn1995" class="citation book cs1">Zinn, Howard (1995). A People's History of the United States: 1492–present. New York: Harper Perennial. pp. 460–461. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-06-092643-4</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div>

<ul><li>Hồ Chí Minh toàn tập. Nhà xuất bản Chính trị quốc gia.</li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="Bernard_B._Fall" title="Bernard B. Fall">Fall, Bernard B.</a>, ed. (1967). Ho Chi Minh on Revolution and War: Selected Writings 1920–1966. New American Library.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Unpublished Letter by Hồ Chí Minh to a French Pastor". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 7 (2). Translated by Abu-Zeid, Kareem James: 1–7. 2012. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fvs.2012.7.2.1">10.1525/vs.2012.7.2.1</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biography">Biography</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDuiker2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="William_J._Duiker" title="William J. Duiker">Duiker, William J.</a> (2001). Ho Chi Minh: A Life. New York: Hyperion.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHalberstam1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">Halberstam, David</a> (1971). Ho. Rowman & Littlefield.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKhắc_Huyên1971" class="citation book cs1">Khắc Huyên, N. (1971). Vision Accomplished? The Enigma of Ho Chi Minh. The Macmillan Company.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLacouture1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Jean_Lacouture" title="Jean Lacouture">Lacouture, Jean</a> (1968) [1968, "Ho Chi Minh", Allen Lane]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hochiminhlacouture">Ho Chi Minh: A Political Biography</a>. Random House.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMorrisHills2018" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Virginia; Hills, Clive (2018). Ho Chi Minh's Blueprint for Revolution: In the Words of Vietnamese Strategists and Operatives. McFarland & Co.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOsborne1980" class="citation magazine cs1">Osborne, Milton (November 1980). "Ho Chi Minh". History Today. Vol. 30, no. 11. pp. 40–46.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_Thi%E1%BB%87n" title="Tôn Thất Thiện">Tôn Thất Thiện</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120064637/https://www.tonthatthien.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/1990-Was-Ho-Chi-Minh-A-Nationalist.pdf">Was Ho Chi Minh a Nationalist? Ho Chi Minh and the Comintern</a> (PDF). Singapore: Information and Resource Centre. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2025.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">English <a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ho_Chi_Minh" class="extiw external" title="q:Special:Search/Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a>.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:

<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh" class="extiw external" title="commons:Hồ Chí Minh">Hồ Chí Minh</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ho_Chi_Minh" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Ho Chi Minh">category</a>)</div></div>

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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Minh%2C%20Ho%20Chi%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Minh%2C%20Ho%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Minh%2C%20H%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ho%20Chi%20Minh%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ho%20C%2E%20Minh%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22H%2E%20C%2E%20Minh%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Minh%2C%20Ho%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ho%20Minh%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ho%20Chi%20Minh%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ho%20C%2E%20Minh%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22H%2E%20C%2E%20Minh%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22H%2E%20Chi%20Minh%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Minh%2C%20Ho%20Chi%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Minh%2C%20Ho%20C%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Minh%2C%20H%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Minh%2C%20H%2E%20Chi%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ho%20Minh%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Minh%2C%20Ho%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ho%20Chi%20Minh%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ho%20C%2E%20Minh%22%20OR%20title%3A%22H%2E%20C%2E%20Minh%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ho%20Minh%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ho%20Chi%20Minh%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ho%20C%2E%20Minh%22%20OR%20description%3A%22H%2E%20C%2E%20Minh%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Minh%2C%20Ho%20Chi%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Minh%2C%20Ho%20C%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ho%20Minh%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Minh%2C%20Ho%22%29%20OR%20%28%221890-1969%22%20AND%20Minh%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Ho Chi Minh</a> at the <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0519.html">Hồ Chí Minh obituary</a> at <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (4 September 1969)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000531033857/http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/hochiminh.html">Time 100: Hồ Chí Minh</a> (archived 31 May 2000)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hochiminhselectedwritings">Ho Chi Minh Selected Writings</a> (<a href="PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714171151/http://www.cpv.org.vn/english/archives/?topic=14&subtopic=99&leader_topic=39">Hồ Chí Minh's biography</a> (archived 14 July 2007)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?t=k&ie=UTF8&ll=21.036772,105.834383&spn=0.002333,0.003616&om=1">Satellite photo of the mausoleum</a> on <a href="Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpv.org.vn/details_e.asp?id=BT2750372918">Final Tribute to Hồ from the Central Committee of the Vietnam Workers' Party</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clemson.edu/caah/history/facultypages/EdMoise/commlead.html#ho">Bibliography: Writings by and about Hồ Chí Minh</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vietnamese_independence_movements327" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Vietnamese_independence_movements327" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnamese</a> independence movements</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cochinchina_campaign" title="Cochinchina campaign">Cochinchina campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Saigon" title="Siege of Saigon">Siege of Saigon</a></li>

<li><a href="Tonkin_campaign" title="Tonkin campaign">Tonkin campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="C%E1%BA%A7n_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_movement" title="Cần Vương movement">Cần Vương movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacification_of_Tonkin" title="Pacification of Tonkin">Pacification of Tonkin</a></li>

<li><a href="B%C3%A3i_S%E1%BA%ADy_uprising" title="Bãi Sậy uprising">Bãi Sậy uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanoi_Poison_Plot" title="Hanoi Poison Plot">Hanoi Poison Plot</a></li>

<li><a href="Y%C3%AAn_Th%E1%BA%BF_Insurrection" title="Yên Thế Insurrection">Yên Thế Insurrection</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnam_during_World_War_I" title="Vietnam during World War I">World War I</a></li>

<li><a href="1916_Cochinchina_uprising" title="1916 Cochinchina uprising">1916 Cochinchina uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn_uprising" title="Thái Nguyên uprising">Thái Nguyên uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="Assassination_of_the_recruiter_Bazin" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of the recruiter Bazin">Bazin assassination</a></li>

<li><a href="Y%C3%AAn_B%C3%A1i_mutiny" title="Yên Bái mutiny">Yên Bái mutiny</a></li>

<li><a href="Ngh%E1%BB%87-T%C4%A9nh_Soviets" title="Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets">Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnam_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam in World War II">World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="1940_Cochinchina_uprising" title="1940 Cochinchina uprising">1940 Cochinchina uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_coup_d'%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina</a></li>

<li><a href="August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Declaration_of_independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a></li>

<li><a href="1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">Geneva Conference</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Tonkin_Free_School" title="Tonkin Free School">Tonkin Free School</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li>

<li><a href="Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Quang_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_H%E1%BB%99i" title="Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội">Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnamese_Revolutionary_Youth_League" title="Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League">Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a></li>

<li><a href="State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uprising leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Quang_B%C3%ADch" title="Nguyễn Quang Bích">Nguyễn Quang Bích</a></li>

<li><a href="V%C3%B5_Duy_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Võ Duy Dương">Võ Duy Dương</a></li>

<li><a href="Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Trương Định">Trương Định</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Xu%C3%A2n_%C3%94n" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Xuân Ôn">Nguyễn Xuân Ôn</a></li>

<li><a href="Phan_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Ph%C3%B9ng" title="Phan Đình Phùng">Phan Đình Phùng</a></li>

<li><a href="Ho%C3%A0ng_Hoa_Th%C3%A1m" title="Hoàng Hoa Thám">Hoàng Hoa Thám</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Thi%E1%BB%87n_Thu%E1%BA%ADt" title="Nguyễn Thiện Thuật">Nguyễn Thiện Thuật</a></li>

<li><a href="T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_Thuy%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tôn Thất Thuyết">Tôn Thất Thuyết</a></li>

<li><a href="C%E1%BA%A7m_B%C3%A1_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Cầm Bá Thước">Cầm Bá Thước</a></li>

<li><a href="%C4%90inh_C%C3%B4ng_Tr%C3%A1ng" title="Đinh Công Tráng">Đinh Công Tráng</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Trung_Tr%E1%BB%B1c" title="Nguyễn Trung Trực">Nguyễn Trung Trực</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revolutionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Can" title="Lương Văn Can">Lương Văn Can</a></li>

<li><a href="C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_%C4%90%E1%BB%83" title="Cường Để">Cường Để</a></li>

<li><a href="Phan_Ch%C3%A2u_Trinh" title="Phan Châu Trinh">Phan Châu Trinh</a></li>

<li><a href="Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_Th%C3%BAc_Kh%C3%A1ng" title="Huỳnh Thúc Kháng">Huỳnh Thúc Kháng</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%E1%BA%A7n_Hi%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nguyễn Thần Hiến">Nguyễn Thần Hiến</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_Hi%E1%BB%81n" title="Nguyễn Thượng Hiền">Nguyễn Thượng Hiền</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%C3%A1i_H%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nguyễn Thái Học">Nguyễn Thái Học</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_An_Ninh" title="Nguyễn An Ninh">Nguyễn An Ninh</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Nguyễn Quyền">Nguyễn Quyền</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%C3%A0nh" title="Nguyễn Thành">Nguyễn Thành</a></li>

<li><a href="Phan_V%C4%83n_Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Phan Văn Trường">Phan Văn Trường</a></li>

<li><a href="V%C5%A9_H%E1%BB%93ng_Khanh" title="Vũ Hồng Khanh">Vũ Hồng Khanh</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Th%C3%A0nh_Th%C3%A1i" title="Thành Thái">Thành Thái</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Albert Sarraut</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Pasquier_(colonial_administrator)" title="Pierre Pasquier (colonial administrator)">Pierre Pasquier</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Decoux" title="Jean Decoux">Jean Decoux</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_governors-general_of_French_Indochina" title="List of governors-general of French Indochina">Governor-General</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">French protectorate of Annam</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_administrators_of_the_French_protectorate_of_Annam" title="List of administrators of the French protectorate of Annam">Administrator</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">French protectorate of Tonkin</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_administrators_of_the_French_protectorate_of_Tonkin" title="List of administrators of the French protectorate of Tonkin">Administrator</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">French colony of Cochinchina</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_administrators_of_the_French_colony_of_Cochinchina" title="List of administrators of the French colony of Cochinchina">Administrator</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collaborators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ho%C3%A0ng_Cao_Kh%E1%BA%A3i" title="Hoàng Cao Khải">Hoàng Cao Khải</a></li>

<li>Nguyễn Trọng Hợp</li>

<li>Huỳnh Công Tấn</li>

<li>Nguyễn Thân</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>Wars in Vietnam</li>

<li>independence movement</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Vietnam&#124;link=Vietnam_Heads_of_state_of_Vietnam_since_1945573" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Vietnam&#124;link=Vietnam_Heads_of_state_of_Vietnam_since_1945573" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Vietnam" title="Vietnam"></a> <a href="List_of_heads_of_state_of_Vietnam" title="List of heads of state of Vietnam">Heads of state of Vietnam</a> since 1945</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a> (1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> (North Vietnam; 1945–1976)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_Th%C3%BAc_Kh%C3%A1ng" title="Huỳnh Thúc Kháng">Huỳnh Thúc Kháng</a>1</li>

<li><a href="T%C3%B4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BA%AFng" title="Tôn Đức Thắng">Tôn Đức Thắng</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State</a> / <a href="South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">Republic of Vietnam</a> (South Vietnam; 1949–1975)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Dương Văn Minh">Dương Văn Minh</a>2</li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Nguyễn Khánh">Nguyễn Khánh</a>2</li>

<li>Provisional Leadership Committee</li>

<li><a href="D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Dương Văn Minh">Dương Văn Minh</a>2</li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</a>2</li>

<li><a href="Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Văn Hương">Trần Văn Hương</a></li>

<li><a href="D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Dương Văn Minh">Dương Văn Minh</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a> (1976–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="T%C3%B4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BA%AFng" title="Tôn Đức Thắng">Tôn Đức Thắng</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Nguyễn Hữu Thọ">Nguyễn Hữu Thọ</a>1</li>

<li><a href="Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Chinh" title="Trường Chinh">Trường Chinh</a>3</li>

<li><a href="Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Đức Lương">Trần Đức Lương</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Minh_Tri%E1%BA%BFt" title="Nguyễn Minh Triết">Nguyễn Minh Triết</a></li>

<li><a href="Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_T%E1%BA%A5n_Sang" title="Trương Tấn Sang">Trương Tấn Sang</a></li>

<li><a href="Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Quang" title="Trần Đại Quang">Trần Đại Quang</a></li>

<li><a href="%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_Th%E1%BB%8B_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Đặng Thị Ngọc Thịnh">Đặng Thị Ngọc Thịnh</a>1</li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BA_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng" title="Nguyễn Phú Trọng">Nguyễn Phú Trọng</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Xu%C3%A2n_Ph%C3%BAc" title="Nguyễn Xuân Phúc">Nguyễn Xuân Phúc</a></li>

<li><a href="V%C3%B5_V%C4%83n_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng" title="Võ Văn Thưởng">Võ Văn Thưởng</a></li>

<li><a href="L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Lương Cường">Lương Cường</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<li>1acting</li>

<li>2military</li>

<li>3Chairman of the <a href="Council_of_State_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of State (Vietnam)">Council of State</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Vietnam&#124;link=Vietnam_Prime_ministers_of_Vietnam_since_1945638" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Vietnam&#124;link=Vietnam_Prime_ministers_of_Vietnam_since_1945638" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Vietnam" title="Vietnam"></a> <a href="Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam" title="Prime Minister of Vietnam">Prime ministers of Vietnam</a> since 1945</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a> (1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Kim" title="Trần Trọng Kim">Trần Trọng Kim</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> (North Vietnam; 1945–1976)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_Th%C3%BAc_Kh%C3%A1ng" title="Huỳnh Thúc Kháng">Huỳnh Thúc Kháng</a>1</li>

<li><a href="Ph%E1%BA%A1m_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Phạm Văn Đồng">Phạm Văn Đồng</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">Republic of Cochinchina</a> (1946–1949)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thinh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Văn Thinh">Nguyễn Văn Thinh</a></li>

<li><a href="L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Ho%E1%BA%A1ch" title="Lê Văn Hoạch">Lê Văn Hoạch</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Xu%C3%A2n" title="Nguyễn Văn Xuân">Nguyễn Văn Xuân</a></li>

<li><a href="Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_H%E1%BB%AFu" title="Trần Văn Hữu">Trần Văn Hữu</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Provisional_Central_Government_of_Vietnam" title="Provisional Central Government of Vietnam">Provisional Central Government of Vietnam</a> (1948–1949)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Xu%C3%A2n" title="Nguyễn Văn Xuân">Nguyễn Văn Xuân</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Phan_Long" title="Nguyễn Phan Long">Nguyễn Phan Long</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%C3%A2m" title="Nguyễn Văn Tâm">Nguyễn Văn Tâm</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%C6%A1" title="Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ">Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ</a>2</li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Nguyễn Khánh">Nguyễn Khánh</a>2</li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Xu%C3%A2n_O%C3%A1nh" title="Nguyễn Xuân Oánh">Nguyễn Xuân Oánh</a>1, 2</li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Nguyễn Khánh">Nguyễn Khánh</a>2</li>

<li><a href="Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Văn Hương">Trần Văn Hương</a>2</li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Xu%C3%A2n_O%C3%A1nh" title="Nguyễn Xuân Oánh">Nguyễn Xuân Oánh</a>1, 2</li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Nguyễn Cao Kỳ">Nguyễn Cao Kỳ</a>2</li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_L%E1%BB%99c" title="Nguyễn Văn Lộc">Nguyễn Văn Lộc</a></li>

<li><a href="Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Văn Hương">Trần Văn Hương</a></li>

<li><a href="Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Thi%E1%BB%87n_Khi%C3%AAm" title="Trần Thiện Khiêm">Trần Thiện Khiêm</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_B%C3%A1_C%E1%BA%A9n" title="Nguyễn Bá Cẩn">Nguyễn Bá Cẩn</a></li>

<li><a href="V%C5%A9_V%C4%83n_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Vũ Văn Mẫu">Vũ Văn Mẫu</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a> (1976–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_T%E1%BA%A5n_D%C5%A9ng" title="Nguyễn Tấn Dũng">Nguyễn Tấn Dũng</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Xu%C3%A2n_Ph%C3%BAc" title="Nguyễn Xuân Phúc">Nguyễn Xuân Phúc</a></li>

<li><a href="Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Minh_Ch%C3%ADnh" title="Phạm Minh Chính">Phạm Minh Chính</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<li>1acting</li>

<li>2head of a military government</li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=467" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #A41C15; color:yellow;"><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=467" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <a href="Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #A41C15; color:yellow;"><a href="Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Central Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam">General Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="L%C3%AA_H%E1%BB%93ng_Phong" title="Lê Hồng Phong">Lê Hồng Phong</a> (1931–36)</li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_C%E1%BB%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Văn Cừ">Nguyễn Văn Cừ</a> (1938–40)</li>

<li><a href="Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Chinh" title="Trường Chinh">Trường Chinh</a> (1940–56)</li>

<li><a href="Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Chinh" title="Trường Chinh">Trường Chinh</a> (Jul.–Dec. 1986)</li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Linh" title="Nguyễn Văn Linh">Nguyễn Văn Linh</a> (1986–91)</li>

<li><a href="L%C3%AA_Kh%E1%BA%A3_Phi%C3%AAu" title="Lê Khả Phiêu">Lê Khả Phiêu</a> (1997–01)</li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BA_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng" title="Nguyễn Phú Trọng">Nguyễn Phú Trọng</a> (2011–2024)</li>

<li><a href="T%C3%B4_L%C3%A2m" title="Tô Lâm">Tô Lâm</a> (2024–present)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Permanent_Member_of_the_Secretariat" title="Permanent Member of the Secretariat">Permanent Member</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Nguyễn Duy Trinh (1976–82)</li>

<li>Lê Thanh Nghị (1980–82)</li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Linh" title="Nguyễn Văn Linh">Nguyễn Văn Linh</a> (June–Dec. 1986)</li>

<li>Nguyễn Thanh Bình (1988–91)</li>

<li><a href="L%C3%AA_Kh%E1%BA%A3_Phi%C3%AAu" title="Lê Khả Phiêu">Lê Khả Phiêu</a> (1996–97)</li>

<li>Phạm Thế Duyệt (1998–01)</li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BA_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng" title="Nguyễn Phú Trọng">Nguyễn Phú Trọng</a> (1999–01)</li>

<li><a href="Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_T%E1%BA%A5n_Sang" title="Trương Tấn Sang">Trương Tấn Sang</a> (2006–11)</li>

<li><a href="%C4%90inh_Th%E1%BA%BF_Huynh" title="Đinh Thế Huynh">Đinh Thế Huynh</a> (2016–18)</li>

<li><a href="Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Qu%E1%BB%91c_V%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_(politician)" title="Trần Quốc Vượng (politician)">Trần Quốc Vượng</a> (2018–21)</li>

<li><a href="V%C3%B5_V%C4%83n_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng" title="Võ Văn Thưởng">Võ Văn Thưởng</a> (2021–2023)</li>

<li><a href="Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Th%E1%BB%8B_Mai" title="Trương Thị Mai">Trương Thị Mai</a> (2023–2024)</li>

<li><a href="L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Lương Cường">Lương Cường</a> (May - October 2024)</li>

<li><a href="Tr%E1%BA%A7n_C%E1%BA%A9m_T%C3%BA" title="Trần Cẩm Tú">Trần Cẩm Tú</a> (2024-present)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decision-making bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Politburo</a></li>

<li><a href="Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Secretariat</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Central Military Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Inspection Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Central Inspection Commission</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apparatus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Commission for External Relations</li>

<li>Central Office</li>

<li><a href="Central_Mass_Mobilization_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Mass Mobilization Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Mass Mobilization Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Commission_for_Information_and_Education" title="Commission for Information and Education">Commission for Information and Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Organisation_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Organisation Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Organisation Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Theoretical_Council_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Theoretical Council of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Theoretical Council</a></li>

<li>Hồ Chí Minh National Academy of Politics and Public Administration</li>

<li>National Political Publishing House – The Truth</li>

<li>The Communist Newspaper</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Steering committees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Central_Steering_Committee_on_Anti-corruption" title="Central Steering Committee on Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li>

<li>Central Highlands</li>

<li>Judicial Reform</li>

<li>Northwest</li>

<li>Southwest</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #A41C15; color:yellow;">National meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam">National Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #A41C15; color:yellow;">Leadership sittings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected by the Central Committee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Politburo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>8th: 1996–01 (<a href="8th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="8th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Enlarged</a> & <a href="8th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="8th Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Standing</a>)</li>

<li><a href="13th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="13th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam">13th: 2021–present</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Secretariat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Military Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Central_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Inspection Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Inspection Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="13th_Central_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="13th Central Inspection Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam">13th: 2021–present</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected by Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Central Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Provisional: 1930–35</li>

<li><a href="12th_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="12th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam">12th: 2016–21</a> (<a href="Members_of_the_12th_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Members of the 12th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Members</a></li>

<li><a href="Alternates_of_the_12th_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Alternates of the 12th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Alternates</a></li>

<li>Directly Subordinated Organs)</li>

<li><a href="13th_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="13th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam">13th: 2021–present</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #A41C15; color:yellow;">Wider organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other organs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Constitution</li>

<li><a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_Communist_Youth_Union" title="Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union">Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_Young_Pioneer_Organization" title="Ho Chi Minh Young Pioneer Organization">Ho Chi Minh Young Pioneer Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnam_People's_Armed_Forces" title="Vietnam People's Armed Forces">Vietnam People's Armed Forces</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #A41C15; color:yellow;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Socialist-oriented market economy</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communism457" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Communism457" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Class_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li>

<li><a href="Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li>

<li><a href="Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li>

<li><a href="From_each_according_to_his_ability%2C_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"</a></li>

<li><a href="Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li>

<li><a href="Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li>

<li><a href="Workers'_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li>

<li><a href="World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist</a></li>

<li><a href="Crypto-communism" title="Crypto-communism">Crypto</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a></li>

<li><a href="Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist</a>

<ul><li><a href="Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Catholic_communism" title="Catholic communism">Catholic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="World_communism" title="World communism">World</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Workingmen's_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li>

<li><a href="Fifth_International" title="Fifth International">Fifth International</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li>

<li><a href="Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li>

<li><a href="Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></li>

<li><a href="Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li>

<li><a href="C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li>

<li><a href="Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li>

<li><a href="Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li>

<li><a href="Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li>

<li><a href="Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li>

<li><a href="Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li>

<li><a href="Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pasolini</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li>

<li><a href="D._N._Aidit" title="D. N. Aidit">Aidit</a></li>

<li><a href="Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li>

<li><a href="Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li>

<li><a href="Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li>

<li><a href="F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li>

<li><a href="Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li>

<li><a href="Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Berlinguer</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li>

<li><a href="Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Guzmán</a></li>

<li><a href="Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li>

<li><a href="Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li>

<li><a href="Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li>

<li><a href="Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li>

<li><a href="Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li>

<li><a href="Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li>

<li><a href="Juan_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Gordillo" title="Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo">Gordillo</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li>

<li><a href="Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Hardt</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li>

<li><a href="Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li>

<li><a href="Robin_Kelley" class="mw-redirect" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li>

<li><a href="Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li>

<li><a href="J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li>

<li><a href="Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Communism_in_Brazil" title="Communism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Britain</a></li>

<li><a href="Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>

<li><a href="Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li>

<li><a href="Communism_in_France" title="Communism in France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a>

<ul><li><a href="Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Communism_in_Korea" title="Communism in Korea">Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li>

<li><a href="Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Communism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Communism_in_Russia" title="Communism in Russia">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li>

<li><a href="Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></li>

<li>"<a href="The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Workers_of_the_world%2C_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a>

<ul><li><a href="Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li>

<li><a href="Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li>

<li><a href="Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_genocides_committed_by_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of genocides committed by the Soviet Union">Genocides committed by the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li>

<li><a href="Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li>

<li><a href="Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a>

<li><a href="Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Marx's_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></li>

<li><a href="National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a>

<ul><li><a href="National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li>

<li><a href="Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li>

<li><a href="War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3ACommunism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3ASocialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<ul><li><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li>

<li><a href="ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li>

<li><a href="Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li>

<li><a href="Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li>

<li><a href="Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li>

<li><a href="Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a>

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></li>

<li><a href="Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li>

<li><a href="Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_conflicts_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931949)" title="Civil conflicts in Vietnam (1945–1949)">Civil conflicts in Vietnam (1945–1949)</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation Blacklist Forty</a></li>

<li><a href="Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li>

<li><a href="Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li>

<li><a href="1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li>

<li><a href="Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li>

<li><a href="Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li>

<li><a href="Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li>

<li><a href="1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a>

<ul><li><a href="1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li>

<li><a href="1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li>

<li><a href="1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li>

<li><a href="Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li>

<li><a href="1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li>

<li><a href="Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li>

<li><a href="Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li>

<li><a href="Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li>

<li><a href="Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li>

<li><a href="March_1949_Syrian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li>

<li><a href="McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li>

<li><a href="1952_Egyptian_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li>

<li><a href="1953_Iranian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li>

<li><a href="Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li>

<li><a href="Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li>

<li><a href="1954_Syrian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li>

<li><a href="Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li>

<li><a href="1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="1954_Guatemalan_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li>

<li><a href="Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li>

<li><a href="Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li>

<li><a href="Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li>

<li><a href="Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li>

<li>"<a href="On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li>

<li><a href="1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li>

<li><a href="Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li>

<li><a href="Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li>

<li><a href="Night_Frost_Crisis" title="Night Frost Crisis">Night Frost Crisis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li>

<li><a href="John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li>

<li><a href="1960_Turkish_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li>

<li><a href="Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a></li>

<li><a href="Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li>

<li><a href="Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li>

<li><a href="Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li>

<li><a href="Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a>

<ul><li><a href="Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li>

<li><a href="Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li>

<li><a href="Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li>

<li><a href="Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li>

<li><a href="1963_Syrian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li>

<li><a href="Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li>

<li><a href="Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li>

<li><a href="Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li>

<li><a href="Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li>

<li><a href="Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="1964_Brazilian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li>

<li><a href="Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li>

<li><a href="Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li>

<li><a href="ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li>

<li><a href="1966_Syrian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li>

<li><a href="1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li>

<li><a href="Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li>

<li><a href="War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li>

<li><a href="Dhofar_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li>

<li><a href="Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a>

<li><a href="Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo incident</a></li>

<li><a href="1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li>

<li><a href="Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="1968_Peruvian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a>

<ul><li><a href="Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1969_Sudanese_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li>

<li><a href="1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="New_People's_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Note_Crisis" title="Note Crisis">Note Crisis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li>

<li><a href="Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="1970_Polish_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li>

<li><a href="Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li>

<li><a href="Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li>

<li><a href="1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li>

<li><a href="1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li>

<li><a href="1971_Sudanese_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li>

<li><a href="1971_Bolivian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li>

<li><a href="1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li>

<li><a href="Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li>

<li><a href="Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li>

<li><a href="Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a></li>

<li><a href="1973_Uruguayan_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li>

<li><a href="1973_Afghan_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li>

<li><a href="1973_Chilean_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li>

<li><a href="Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li>

<li><a href="1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li>

<li><a href="Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li>

<li><a href="15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li>

<li><a href="3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li>

<li><a href="7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">Indonesian invasion of East Timor</a></li>

<li><a href="Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li>

<li><a href="June_1976_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li>

<li><a href="Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li>

<li><a href="1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li>

<li><a href="Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li>

<li><a href="Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li>

<li><a href="Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li>

<li><a href="Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li>

<li><a href="1976_Argentine_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li>

<li><a href="Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li>

<li><a href="German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li>

<li><a href="NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li>

<li><a href="Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li>

<li><a href="Iranian_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li>

<li><a href="Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li>

<li><a href="Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li>

<li><a href="1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li>

<li><a href="Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li>

<li><a href="Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a>

<ul><li><a href="Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1980_Turkish_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li>

<li><a href="Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li>

<li><a href="Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li>

<li><a href="1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li>

<li><a href="Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li>

<li><a href="Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li>

<li><a href="Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li>

<li><a href="Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li>

<li><a href="1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Yemen_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li>

<li><a href="Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li>

<li><a href="1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li>

<li><a href="1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li>

<li><a href="Lord's_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li>

<li><a href="1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li>

<li><a href="8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li>

<li><a href="People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li>

<li><a href="Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li>

<li><a href="Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li>

<li><a href="Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li>

<li><a href="1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li>

<li><a href="Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li>

<li><a href="Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li>

<li><a href="Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li>

<li><a href="Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li>

<li><a href="German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li>

<li><a href="Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li>

<li><a href="Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li>

<li><a href="Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li>

<li><a href="Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>

<ul><li><a href="1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li>

<li><a href="Transnistria_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li>

<li><a href="Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li>

<li><a href="Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li>

<li><a href="Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li>

<li><a href="Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Paasikivi%E2%80%93Kekkonen_doctrine" title="Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine">Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li>

<li><a href="Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li>

<li><a href="Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li>

<li><a href="Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li>

<li><a href="Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li>

<li><a href="Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li>

<li><a href="Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li>

<li><a href="Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li>

<li><a href="Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li>

<li><a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li>

<li><a href="Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li>

<li><a href="Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li>

<li><a href="Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li>

<li><a href="Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li>

<li><a href="White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li>

<li><a href="White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li>

<li><a href="Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li>

<li><a href="Finlandization" title="Finlandization">Finlandization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li>

<li><a href="Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li>

<li><a href="Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li>

<li><a href="ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li>

<li><a href="Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li>

<li><a href="Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></li>

<li><a href="Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></li>

<li><a href="Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li>

<li><a href="Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></li>

<li><a href="Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></li>

<li><a href="Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li>

<li><a href="Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li>

<li><a href="Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li>

<li><a href="Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li>

<li><a href="Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li>

<li><a href="Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li>

<li><a href="Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li>

<li><a href="Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li>

<li><a href="Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li>

<li><a href="Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li>

<li><a href="Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li>

<li><a href="Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li>

<li><a href="Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li>

<li><a href="Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li>

<li><a href="Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li>

<li><a href="Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li>

<li><a href="Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li>

<li><a href="Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li>

<li><a href="Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li>

<li><a href="David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li>

<li><a href="William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li>

<li><a href="Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li>

<li><a href="Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li>

<li><a href="M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li>

<li><a href="Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li>

<li><a href="Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li>

<li><a href="Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li>

<li><a href="Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li>

<li><a href="Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li>

<li><a href="Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li>

<li><a href="Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li>

<li><a href="Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li>

<li><a href="CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li>

<li><a href="Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li>

<li><a href="Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li>

<li><a href="War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li>

<li><a href="Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li>

<li><a href="Pax_Atomica" title="Pax Atomica">Pax Atomica</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li>Category</li>

<li><a href="List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought209" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li>

<li><a href="Confucianism#Social_morality_and_ethics" title="Confucianism">Social Morality</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_reform_in_Vietnam" title="Land reform in Vietnam">Land Reform</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">Self-criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Socialist-oriented market economy</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought"></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Linh" title="Nguyễn Văn Linh">Nguyễn Văn Linh</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BA_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng" title="Nguyễn Phú Trọng">Nguyễn Phú Trọng</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnamese_Fatherland_Front" title="Vietnamese Fatherland Front">Vietnamese Fatherland Front</a></li>

<li><a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_Communist_Youth_Union" title="Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union">Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Proclamation_of_Independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Path_Which_Led_Me_To_Leninism" title="The Path Which Led Me To Leninism">The Path Which Led Me To Leninism</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Last_Testament_of_Ho_Chi_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="The Last Testament of Ho Chi Minh">The Last Testament of Ho Chi Minh</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Vietnamese_Revolution%3A_Fundamental_Problems%2C_Essential_Tasks" title="The Vietnamese Revolution: Fundamental Problems, Essential Tasks">The Vietnamese Revolution: Fundamental Problems, Essential Tasks</a></li>

<li><a href="Renewal_in_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam%3A_Theory_and_Reality" title="Renewal in Việt Nam: Theory and Reality">Renewal in Việt Nam: Theory and Reality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Politics_of_Vietnam" title="Politics of Vietnam">Politics of Vietnam</a></li>

<li><a href="Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Communism in Vietnam</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="History of the Communist Party of Vietnam">History of the Communist Party of Vietnam</a></li>

<li><a href="Five-Year_Plans_of_Vietnam" title="Five-Year Plans of Vietnam">Five-Year Plans of Vietnam</a></li>

<li><a href="6th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam">6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>

<ul><li><a href="North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Portal%3AVietnam" title="Portal:Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>

<li><a href="Portal%3ACommunism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Portal%3ASocialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Portal%3APolitics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Declarations_of_independence_of_Vietnam43" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Declarations_of_independence_of_Vietnam43" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Declarations_of_independence_of_Vietnam" title="Declarations of independence of Vietnam">Declarations of independence of Vietnam</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nam_qu%E1%BB%91c_s%C6%A1n_h%C3%A0" title="Nam quốc sơn hà">Nam quốc sơn hà</a> (<a href="L%C3%BD_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Ki%E1%BB%87t" title="Lý Thường Kiệt">Lý Thường Kiệt</a>)</li>

<li><a href="B%C3%ACnh_Ng%C3%B4_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_c%C3%A1o" title="Bình Ngô đại cáo">Bình Ngô đại cáo</a> (<a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tr%C3%A3i" title="Nguyễn Trãi">Nguyễn Trãi</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Declaration_of_independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Tuyên ngôn độc lập</a> ()</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36014#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3561" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36014#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3561" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00853375?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ff22312f-ea46-4353-adfb-2bdae08d7350">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_11855168X">FID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/861330">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/11855168X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11855168X">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028429591">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10568547">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tx3jbt">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/ccc5b769-23c4-4ebe-b7f7-78735ab301cd">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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